外文資料翻譯---全面質(zhì)量管理的發(fā)展歷史

1、<p><b>　　外文資料翻譯</b></p><p>　　Historical development of TQM</p><p>　　The idea of quality is not new and has its origins in inspection-based systems used in manufacturing industri

2、es5. In order to reduce the number of faulty goods passed onto the customer, products were inspected during the manufacturing process. The products under inspection were compared v,,7ith a standard and any faulty goods n

3、ot reaching the standard were weeded out and either scrapped, or repaired and sold as seconds. These types of inspection based quality systems were found to have several d</p><p>　　● Where an inspection did

4、 not reveal the faulty item, the problem was passed on to the final user or customer.</p><p>　　● Inspection-based systems are expensive because they are based on rectifying faults.</p><p>　　●

5、Inspection-based systems? Remove responsibility from the workers and place it onto the inspectors.</p><p>　　● Inspection-based systems give no indication of why a product is defective.</p><p>　

6、　For these reasons and also because products were becoming more complex, inspection-based systems were replaced by systems of quality control based on statistical sampling. One of the gurus of these systems was Deming. T

7、he main focus of Deming’s work was improvement of the product by reduction in the amount of variation in design and manufacturing. To him variation was the chief cause of poor quality. He believed that variation came fro

8、m two sources: common causes and special causes. Common cause</p><p>　　In order to achieve improvement in quality through reduced variation Deming outlined a 14 point system of management. These points focus

9、 on the process, in that Deming believed it is systems and not workers which are the cause of variation. His points include:</p><p>　　1. Create and publish the aims of the company</p><p>　　2.

10、 Learn the new philosophy of quality</p><p>　　3. Cease dependence on mass inspection</p><p>　　4. Do not award business based purely on price</p><p>　　5. Constantly improve th

11、e system</p><p>　　6. Institute training </p><p>　　7. Institute leadership </p><p>　　8. Drive out fear and create trust</p><p>　　9. Break down barriers between d

12、epartments </p><p>　　10. Eliminate slogans and targets</p><p>　　11. Eliminate numerical quotas </p><p>　　12. Remove barriers to pride in workmanship </p><p>　　13. I

13、nstitute self improvement and a programmer of training and retraining</p><p>　　14. Take action to accomplish the change.</p><p>　　Deming believed that once a quality system was set in motion it

14、 resulted in a quality chain reaction (Figure 7.2). That is as quality improves costs decrease, as do errors and delays. This causes an increase in productivity and an increase in market share brought about by better qua

15、lity at lower price. This means the company is more competitive and provides more employment.</p><p>　　Along with Deming, Juran, another American quality consultant, introduced quality control techniques to

16、the Japanese. As the consumption of manufactured goods continued to raise over the next thee decades Japanese products became to dominate Western markets. This was because Japanese goods, largely due to their superior qu

17、ality systems, were of higher quality than their Western counterparts. Whereas quality management had developed as a subject in its own right in Japan, Western quality methods </p><p>　　There can be little d

18、oubt that this gap in quality between American and Japanese goods was one of the drivers of the quality revolution that is taking place in the US and Europe. The word revolution is not used lightly, as recent years have

19、indeed witnessed a fundamental change in the way quality is viewed. Whereas prior to the 1980s quality was internally focused, it is now customer or externally driven. The concept of quality is now strongly related to th

20、e idea that an organization is a series</p><p>　　It would be wrong to assume that Deming was the sole guru of quality; other practitioners have disagreed with his approach. Juran’s idea of quality for exampl

21、e was not as wide ranging as Deming’s and rather than attempting radical change, he sought to improve quality by working within the existing system of the organization. Crosby’s quality philosophy was different again; pl

22、acing greater emphasis on behavioral aspects than on the statistical analysis used by Deming.</p><p>　　The ideas put forward in this chapter therefore are not based solely on the ideas of Deming but on a com

23、bination of ideas that are understandable in the context of the construction industry. However this work does not suggest a rigid procedure for TQM because no such thing exits. TQM is a philosophy not a technique.</p&

24、gt;<p>　　A philosophy implies a way of thinking and in this context TQM offers its biggest challenge. The way that people think is determined by their culture and in order to instill TQM in the company it is neces

25、sary for the organization to undergo a cultural change. This idea of a cultural shift is closely allied to a modem idea in construction management: that of the paradigm shift.</p><p>　　全面質(zhì)量管理的發(fā)展歷史</p>

26、<p>　　質(zhì)量并非是新的概念，它起源于制造業(yè)的以檢測(cè)為基礎(chǔ)的系統(tǒng)。為了減少有缺陷的產(chǎn) 品流向市場(chǎng)，在制造過(guò)程中，產(chǎn)品需要檢測(cè)。受檢產(chǎn)品與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行比較，被清除出來(lái)的不 合格的產(chǎn)品，或被廢棄，或做修理，或者作次等品賣出O這種以檢測(cè)為基礎(chǔ)的質(zhì)量系統(tǒng)有 如下幾個(gè)缺點(diǎn):</p><p>　　·沒(méi)有檢查出來(lái)的有問(wèn)題的產(chǎn)品將流向市場(chǎng)和顧客。</p><p>　　·這個(gè)系

27、統(tǒng)的操作昂貴，因?yàn)檫@些操作基于糾正缺陷。</p><p>　　·這個(gè)系統(tǒng)將責(zé)任從工人的身上轉(zhuǎn)移到質(zhì)檢員身上。</p><p>　　·這個(gè)系統(tǒng)不能表明產(chǎn)品不合格的理由。</p><p>　　由于以上這些理由，加之產(chǎn)品構(gòu)造也越來(lái)越復(fù)雜，以檢測(cè)為基礎(chǔ)的系統(tǒng)已被統(tǒng)計(jì)抽樣的質(zhì)量控制系統(tǒng)所取代。這類系統(tǒng)的先驅(qū)之一是丹明(Deming) ，丹明(Deming)

28、的工作致力 于通過(guò)減少設(shè)計(jì)和生產(chǎn)的變更來(lái)提高質(zhì)量。丹明(Deming)認(rèn)為變更是導(dǎo)致產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量差的最 主要原因。他相信變更來(lái)自于兩個(gè)方面:普通原因和特殊原因o普通原因是由于生產(chǎn)過(guò)程 的問(wèn)題而導(dǎo)致的，而特殊原因來(lái)自于某一種或成批的材料。對(duì)建筑業(yè)而言，普通原因可能包括：浴盆和釉磚的交界處。因?yàn)檫@也許是設(shè)計(jì)本身的問(wèn)題，而不是材料的問(wèn)題或工人的 問(wèn)題。另一方面，一個(gè)特殊原因可能是砌磚工人混合的砂漿太稀了。</p><p>

29、　　為了通過(guò)減少多樣化而提高質(zhì)量，丹明(Deming)列出了一套十四點(diǎn)管理系統(tǒng)。這些內(nèi) 容著重子過(guò)程，因?yàn)榈っ?Deming)認(rèn)為導(dǎo)致變更的原因是系統(tǒng)本身，而非工人。他的內(nèi)容 包括：</p><p>　　1. 建立并發(fā)布公司的巨標(biāo)；</p><p>　　2. 學(xué)習(xí)新的質(zhì)量哲學(xué)；</p><p>　　3. 不依賴大規(guī)模檢查；</p><p>　

30、　4. 不要僅以價(jià)格作為判斷工作好壞的單一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)；</p><p>　　5. 不斷改進(jìn)系統(tǒng)；</p><p><b>　　6. 公司培訓(xùn)；</b></p><p><b>　　7. 公司領(lǐng)導(dǎo)；</b></p><p>　　8. 法除擔(dān)心，建立信任；</p><p>　　9. 消

31、除部門之間的障礙；</p><p>　　10. 消除口號(hào)和工作指標(biāo)；</p><p>　　11. 消除數(shù)量配額；</p><p>　　12. 消除隔閡，增加工作的自豪感；</p><p>　　13. 制定公司自我提高和培訓(xùn)及再培訓(xùn)計(jì)劃；</p><p>　　14. 采取行動(dòng)來(lái)推動(dòng)改變。</p><p

32、>　　丹明(Deming)認(rèn)為一旦一個(gè)質(zhì)量系統(tǒng)建立并運(yùn)行起來(lái)，將帶來(lái)質(zhì)量鏈的系列反應(yīng)，如圖7.2所示。也就是由于質(zhì)量提高而帶來(lái)成本下降，而且誤差和拖延都會(huì)減少。因此生產(chǎn)率和市場(chǎng)占有率都提高了。又因此帶來(lái)更好的質(zhì)量和更低的價(jià)格，這意味著公司有了更強(qiáng)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力，并提供更多的就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)。</p><p>　　與丹明(Deming)同期的朱然(Juran)，另一位美國(guó)質(zhì)量顧問(wèn)，將質(zhì)量控制技術(shù)介紹給日 本人。由于近三十年

33、來(lái)要求持續(xù)上漲，日本產(chǎn)品逐漸占據(jù)了西方市場(chǎng)。原因主要在于日本出眾的質(zhì)量體系使他們的產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量遠(yuǎn)離于西方同類產(chǎn)品。當(dāng)質(zhì)量管理在日本已經(jīng)以自己的方式發(fā)展成一個(gè)獨(dú)立科目時(shí)，西方管理方法卻一直停留在20世紀(jì)50年代的初步階段而沒(méi)有改變。</p><p>　　毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)美國(guó)產(chǎn)品和日本產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量的差距是美國(guó)和歐洲質(zhì)量革命的動(dòng)力。革命一詞不是隨便用用而已，最近幾年已經(jīng)見(jiàn)證了對(duì)質(zhì)量認(rèn)識(shí)的根本性改變。在20世紀(jì)80年代以前，人們將質(zhì)量只

34、是看作內(nèi)部的問(wèn)題?，F(xiàn)在人們認(rèn)為質(zhì)量是由客戶或是外部因素來(lái)驅(qū)動(dòng)的。人們認(rèn)為質(zhì)量是和一個(gè)觀念緊密相連的，這個(gè)觀念就是一個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)是由一系列的過(guò)程組成，每一個(gè)過(guò)程都有相應(yīng)的客戶。這些客戶可能是機(jī)構(gòu)內(nèi)部的。但通過(guò)盡量滿足他們，最終產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量將會(huì)被提高，用戶也會(huì)滿意。另外，通過(guò)以上對(duì)質(zhì)量的定義來(lái)看，和傳統(tǒng)的 質(zhì)量控制技術(shù)相比，全面質(zhì)量管理是一個(gè)非常廣泛的哲學(xué)觀點(diǎn)。它包含組織的方方面面，從高級(jí)管理層到客戶以及供應(yīng)商。最后，以前的質(zhì)量控制技術(shù)依賴于檢查，

35、而全面質(zhì)量管 理強(qiáng)調(diào)的是預(yù)防。</p><p>　　如果認(rèn)為丹明(Deming)是質(zhì)量管理惟一的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，那么會(huì)有些不妥，也有一些實(shí)施這理念的人并不贊成他的方法。例如，朱然(Juran)關(guān)于質(zhì)量的觀念并不像丹明那么廣泛。他不想從根本上改變，而是在組織原有系統(tǒng)的基礎(chǔ)上提高質(zhì)量?？肆_斯比(Crosby)關(guān)于質(zhì)量 哲學(xué)的觀點(diǎn)又不一樣了，他非常強(qiáng)調(diào)行為方面，不像丹明用統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。</p><p>　　因

36、此本章并不僅僅以丹明的理論為基礎(chǔ)，而是綜合了許多可屑于建筑業(yè)的思想。我們不是在建議一個(gè)固定的全面質(zhì)量管理過(guò)程，因?yàn)闆](méi)有這樣一個(gè)東西存在。全面質(zhì)量管理是一套哲學(xué)理論而不是一種技術(shù)。</p><p>　　一套哲學(xué)理論暗示了一種思維方式，從這個(gè)意義上講，全面質(zhì)量管理提供了一個(gè)最大 的挑戰(zhàn)。人們的思維方式是由文化決定的，為了在企業(yè)中采用全面質(zhì)量管理，該企業(yè)必須 經(jīng)過(guò)一次文化轉(zhuǎn)變。這種文化轉(zhuǎn)變的想法和建設(shè)管理中的一個(gè)現(xiàn)代觀