外文翻譯--能量-物料-信號(hào)模型：應(yīng)用于triz理論的工程設(shè)計(jì)黑箱模型的改進(jìn)

1、<p><b>　　譯文與原文</b></p><p><b>　　漢語(yǔ)譯文</b></p><p>　　能量-物料-信號(hào)模型：應(yīng)用于TRIZ理論的工程設(shè)計(jì)</p><p><b>　　黑箱模型的改進(jìn)</b></p><p>　　Madara Ogot</p&g

2、t;<p>　　（美國(guó)賓夕法尼亞州州立大學(xué)，工程設(shè)計(jì)綱要及機(jī)械與核工程系，</p><p>　　大學(xué)園，PA 16802,，美國(guó) madaraogot@psu.edu）</p><p><b>　　摘要：</b></p><p>　　“發(fā)明問(wèn)題的解決理論”（TRIZ）被廣泛地認(rèn)為是一種適用于多學(xué)科領(lǐng)域的有效的系統(tǒng)的創(chuàng)新方法。本

3、論文更加關(guān)注于工程設(shè)計(jì)方法以及例證如何改進(jìn)已為工程設(shè)計(jì)人員熟知的建模方法以應(yīng)用于TRIZ原理。</p><p>　　例如，黑箱建模技術(shù)，一種在工程設(shè)計(jì)中較為普遍的問(wèn)題表達(dá)分析方法，被修改以應(yīng)用于TRIZ原理。新技術(shù)比如能量、物料、系統(tǒng)建模將不僅僅作為物質(zhì)-場(chǎng)建模（原方法）的替代品，而是被吸收入工程設(shè)計(jì)家族現(xiàn)有的知識(shí)中。因此，它移除了通向更加廣闊的TRIZ應(yīng)用的障礙而不需要設(shè)計(jì)者學(xué)習(xí)新的本質(zhì)不同的建模方法；本論文通

4、過(guò)許多的實(shí)例達(dá)到了這種奇妙的功效。</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞：?jiǎn)栴}表達(dá)；問(wèn)題分析；TRIZ標(biāo)準(zhǔn)解決方案</p><p><b>　　正文：</b></p><p>　　TRIZ原理以其原理和方法收集的一般性被稱(chēng)作可交叉運(yùn)用于多學(xué)科的方法。為了獲得更多的讀者，大多數(shù)的TRIZ文章均使用已為T(mén)RIZ協(xié)會(huì)開(kāi)發(fā)了很多年的普通建模方法和術(shù)語(yǔ)。然而，這種

5、陳述也會(huì)在將文章中討論的經(jīng)典的TRIZ理論與個(gè)人特定的學(xué)科銜接時(shí)產(chǎn)生困難，從而阻礙TRIZ原理的廣泛運(yùn)用。</p><p>　　盡管TRIZ有如此強(qiáng)大的用途，但是無(wú)論是在工業(yè)上還是學(xué)術(shù)上它都沒(méi)有在工程設(shè)計(jì)方面得到廣泛的運(yùn)用。這篇文章通過(guò)將已為工程設(shè)計(jì)人員熟知的建模技術(shù)配合或合并于TRIZ的方法探索出了增強(qiáng)TRIZ在工程設(shè)計(jì)領(lǐng)域運(yùn)用的道路。該目的的實(shí)現(xiàn)是通過(guò)將黑箱建模技術(shù)這一廣泛運(yùn)用于工程設(shè)計(jì)問(wèn)題描述和分析的方法-

6、進(jìn)行改進(jìn)以使其能夠應(yīng)用于TRIZ。新技術(shù)比如能量-物料-信號(hào)建模技術(shù)將不僅僅作為物質(zhì)-場(chǎng)分析的替代品，還將具有以下不可或缺的特點(diǎn)：</p><p>　　1、基于工程設(shè)計(jì)家族內(nèi)現(xiàn)存的知識(shí)，因此移除了阻礙TRIZ運(yùn)用的障礙；</p><p>　　2、同時(shí)適用于物質(zhì)和技術(shù)矛盾系統(tǒng)；</p><p>　　3、固有地展現(xiàn)模型系統(tǒng)內(nèi)部事態(tài)發(fā)展；</p><p

7、>　　4、包括同一模型的多種狀況；</p><p>　　5、在整個(gè)系統(tǒng)中甄選出真正需要解決的問(wèn)題；</p><p>　　6、包括系統(tǒng)中所有可用來(lái)獲取最終結(jié)果的資源，因此不再需要生成一張獨(dú)立的資源清單。</p><p>　　在以下的文章中，將由兩個(gè)實(shí)例講述“能源-物質(zhì)-信號(hào)”模型的發(fā)展與應(yīng)用。另外，大多基于物質(zhì)-場(chǎng)建模的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)解決方案也將被修改以合并于新的建模方法

8、。</p><p>　　TRIZ是俄文中“發(fā)明問(wèn)題的解決理論”的字頭，最早由以Genrich Altshuller為首的原蘇聯(lián)科研人員開(kāi)始研究，現(xiàn)已被全世界所推廣運(yùn)用。它最初是基于對(duì)蘇聯(lián)60、70年代早期成千上萬(wàn)專(zhuān)利的分析。這些最初的分析從眾多專(zhuān)利中提取出了眾多的解決模式，這些解決模式可以被成功地用來(lái)解決新問(wèn)題。這些解決模式最后被綜合成數(shù)個(gè)工具包括：（1）物理影響（2）進(jìn)化原則（3）標(biāo)準(zhǔn)解法（4）技術(shù)矛盾和矛盾矩

9、陣，以及（5）物理矛盾和分離原理</p><p>　　所謂解決問(wèn)題的環(huán)境是指數(shù)字式技術(shù)在企業(yè)內(nèi)部及市場(chǎng)上中應(yīng)用。而核心是基于TRIZ的用于產(chǎn)品開(kāi)發(fā)的程序模型。支持的該核心數(shù)字技術(shù)是CAI系統(tǒng)。核心創(chuàng)業(yè)的開(kāi)拓與突破是一個(gè)市場(chǎng)機(jī)遇、模式、路線(xiàn)和路線(xiàn)上的企業(yè)的技術(shù)狀態(tài)和企業(yè)的包容能力相融合的過(guò)程。創(chuàng)新思維的開(kāi)發(fā)依賴(lài)于TRIZ原理的運(yùn)用，作用解和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)解。構(gòu)造與加工的設(shè)計(jì)融合有賴(lài)于環(huán)境的支持。若有沖突，就要應(yīng)用到TRIZ原

10、理來(lái)解決。</p><p>　　TRIZ被認(rèn)為是一種可以產(chǎn)生解決問(wèn)題良好方法的原理，該原理運(yùn)用了先前發(fā)明家濃縮的知識(shí)精華。它提供了一些措施，這些措施可以消除設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)傾向于普通、舒適的解決方案的“心理慣性”即使存是在存在更好、非傳統(tǒng)的解決方案的情況下。從圖1可以看出，一個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)運(yùn)用TRIZ原理將一個(gè)具體的設(shè)計(jì)問(wèn)題轉(zhuǎn)化為一個(gè)一般的TRIZ設(shè)計(jì)問(wèn)題。后者則是基于對(duì)大量不同的工程領(lǐng)域問(wèn)題的分析、歸類(lèi)。該一般的TRIZ設(shè)

11、計(jì)問(wèn)題指向相應(yīng)的一般TRIZ設(shè)計(jì)方案，設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)可以從這些設(shè)計(jì)方案中獲得解決他們具體設(shè)計(jì)問(wèn)題的方法。因此，TRIZ的力量就在于它與生俱來(lái)的本領(lǐng)能夠從不同的、表面上毫不相干的領(lǐng)域獲取解決方案用來(lái)解決特定的設(shè)計(jì)問(wèn)題，從而形成突破性的解決方案。</p><p>　　如何將解決實(shí)際問(wèn)題與創(chuàng)新結(jié)合起來(lái)呢？創(chuàng)新的核心是找到困難與矛盾所在，諸如解決沖突問(wèn)題和尋求快速解決的辦法。TRIZ不僅僅是一種有關(guān)于創(chuàng)新的有益技術(shù)，還涉及CA

12、I軟件系統(tǒng)的開(kāi)發(fā)。但是成功與有價(jià)值的創(chuàng)新應(yīng)該是在數(shù)字技術(shù)環(huán)境下的進(jìn)行。擁有這類(lèi)數(shù)字技術(shù)環(huán)境的企業(yè)需要一個(gè)TRIZ應(yīng)用的程序模型和應(yīng)用TRIZ的良好思維模式，對(duì)于正在成長(zhǎng)與開(kāi)創(chuàng)中的中國(guó)的企業(yè)更應(yīng)當(dāng)是如此。</p><p>　　發(fā)明的原理、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)解和作用解這些TRIZ原理的基本工具在這些情形下非常有用和有效的。正如圖8所示，首先分析問(wèn)題，尋找解決問(wèn)題的新思路，然后做出有效甚至正確的決策。若沖突矛盾確實(shí)存在，我們就可以選

13、擇這些問(wèn)題解決原理或者標(biāo)準(zhǔn)解去解決沖突、尋求答案。如果不存在沖突，應(yīng)選擇作用解去解決沖突，然后對(duì)新的概念模型發(fā)展?fàn)顟B(tài)做出評(píng)估。如果有一個(gè)或兩個(gè)概念被接受與認(rèn)可，它們就可以被融入到接下來(lái)的設(shè)計(jì)與制造環(huán)節(jié)中去；如果概念沒(méi)有被接受或認(rèn)可，就只能再次返回到創(chuàng)新評(píng)估階段去尋找新的解決方法。</p><p>　　兩種發(fā)明原理可以用來(lái)解決技術(shù)矛盾和物理矛盾。在39個(gè)工程參量和一個(gè)矛盾解決矩陣中，我們可以由實(shí)際問(wèn)題依據(jù)40個(gè)原理

14、選其中有用部分，選擇的前提是這些參量和要解決的矛盾有關(guān)連的。4個(gè)獨(dú)立的原理可用于解決物理沖突，它們的選擇要根據(jù)空間、時(shí)間、環(huán)境以及部分與整體關(guān)系來(lái)進(jìn)行。TRIZ理論中共有75個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)解，根據(jù)問(wèn)題解決方式的不同，它們被劃分成五個(gè)大類(lèi)。</p><p>　　3.物質(zhì)-場(chǎng)分析和變量</p><p>　　TRIZ中一個(gè)關(guān)鍵的理論就是建模，將所有的實(shí)在的物體（包括可見(jiàn)的和不可見(jiàn)的）作為物質(zhì)，同時(shí)將能量

15、源（包括機(jī)械的、化學(xué)的、原子能的、熱能的、聲學(xué)的等等）作為場(chǎng)。因此一個(gè)公式（被稱(chēng)為物質(zhì)-場(chǎng)）可以被定義為具有一個(gè)物質(zhì)S1，其被一個(gè)場(chǎng)F1作用，因而生成了第二個(gè)物質(zhì)S2。一個(gè)完整系統(tǒng)的物質(zhì)-場(chǎng)可以用如下的符號(hào)表示</p><p><b>　　F 1</b></p><p>　　?? S2 S1

16、(1)</p><p>　　由公式可以看出，由物質(zhì)S1到物質(zhì)S2經(jīng)過(guò)了場(chǎng)F1正的或稱(chēng)為需要的影響作用。值得注意的是在眾多的TRIZ文獻(xiàn)中，對(duì)物質(zhì)-場(chǎng)的圖表描述有很大的不同。方程式（1）僅僅是給出了一種可能的表達(dá)形式。</p><p>　　參數(shù)S1 、S2也常常被稱(chēng)為功能載體、功能作用體，功能作用體分別地作用于功能載體以對(duì)其產(chǎn)生所需要的影響。那些不能同時(shí)具備三要素（功能載體、功能作用體和場(chǎng)）

17、的模型是不完整的，而通過(guò)加入所缺少的要素系統(tǒng)中所出現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題就可能得以解決。另外，如果功能作用體對(duì)功能載體具有損害性的影響，這時(shí)直的場(chǎng)線(xiàn)將會(huì)被彎曲成波浪線(xiàn)以表示將會(huì)有損害發(fā)生。 </p><p>　　注釋1：Altshuller's等人的主要工作是研究機(jī)械類(lèi)導(dǎo)向型的專(zhuān)利，近年來(lái)許許多多的研究人員開(kāi)始研究世界范圍內(nèi)涉及各個(gè)領(lǐng)域的專(zhuān)利同時(shí)不斷更新TRIZ工具。

18、 </p><p>　　Royzen在1999年提議使用功能載體-功能作用體-作用功效（簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)TOP）這一SFA的變量作為新一代的建模步驟。在TOP分析方法中有四個(gè)元素：功能載體、功能作用體、場(chǎng)和作用功效，其中作用功效可以被定義為有益的功效（簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)UP）或是有害的功效（簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)HP）。一個(gè)完整系統(tǒng)的TOP分析可以用如下的方程式表示：</p><p><b>　　F 1</b>

19、;</p><p>　　T O UP (2)</p><p>　　方程式（2）表示功能作用體通過(guò)場(chǎng)對(duì)功能載體產(chǎn)生一個(gè)有用的作用功效。</p><p>　　SFA和TOP算法都要求工程設(shè)計(jì)人員學(xué)習(xí)新的建模技術(shù)、習(xí)慣和術(shù)語(yǔ)，因此它將阻礙技術(shù)更新。在下面的章節(jié)中將為你講述前面提到的能源-物料-信號(hào)模型的基礎(chǔ)黑箱模型。</p><

20、p>　　在實(shí)際的生產(chǎn)應(yīng)用中，通過(guò)檢索進(jìn)化理論中不同思維模式和問(wèn)題解決路線(xiàn)可以發(fā)現(xiàn)與我們正在研究的現(xiàn)有產(chǎn)品的相關(guān)聯(lián)的解決問(wèn)題的方法。首先應(yīng)當(dāng)選擇一種模式，然后選擇出該模式下的一種路線(xiàn)。設(shè)計(jì)人員從選定的路線(xiàn)中確定當(dāng)前產(chǎn)品屬于哪一種情形。在這一路線(xiàn)中，當(dāng)前狀態(tài)與末狀態(tài)之間的距離即為在該路線(xiàn)下的技術(shù)矛盾解決原理。通過(guò)運(yùn)用以上檢索方法，一種或幾種技術(shù)矛盾解決原理就被選定出來(lái)。</p><p>　　每一種技術(shù)矛盾解決原

21、理包括了一種或幾種潛在的狀態(tài)，也就是當(dāng)前狀態(tài)與末狀態(tài)的上一級(jí)狀態(tài)之間的狀態(tài)。每種潛在狀態(tài)同樣也蘊(yùn)含著蘊(yùn)含一種或幾種關(guān)于潛在解決技術(shù)矛盾的新想法、新原理，這些新想法及原理可作為當(dāng)前技術(shù)方案在將來(lái)發(fā)展中的改進(jìn)。</p><p>　　研究人員開(kāi)發(fā)出解決問(wèn)題的物質(zhì)—場(chǎng)模型，然后根據(jù)蘇—場(chǎng)模型從系列1和系列4中選出一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)解并隨之得到一個(gè)預(yù)先解。系列5則被用來(lái)對(duì)預(yù)先解做最后的修正并得到終解。</p><

22、p>　　TRIZ的作用解在模糊的設(shè)計(jì)工作開(kāi)始階段有助于綜合利用物理學(xué)和問(wèn)題解決原理實(shí)現(xiàn)創(chuàng)意催發(fā)一般來(lái)講，一個(gè)普通工程人員僅能掌握大約100個(gè)作用解。因此，對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)人員而言，作用解的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)是十分必要的輔助工具?，F(xiàn)在一些計(jì)算機(jī)輔助創(chuàng)新軟件也用該數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)作為輔助開(kāi)發(fā)工具。</p><p>　　4.基于黑箱建模的問(wèn)題分析</p><p>　　接下來(lái)討論的黑箱建模是基于Pahl和Beitz (19

23、96)的工作。對(duì)工程系統(tǒng)的分析表明，其實(shí)質(zhì)是引入或轉(zhuǎn)化能源、物料或者是信號(hào)來(lái)獲得所需要的輸出，其中能源可以是多種形式的比如光能、原子核能、機(jī)械能、電能等等；物料是物質(zhì)的表征；信號(hào)則代表著信息傳遞的外觀形態(tài)，例如儲(chǔ)存在硬盤(pán)上的數(shù)據(jù)信息可以通過(guò)電信號(hào)傳遞到電腦內(nèi)存中。</p><p>　　因此，一個(gè)工程系統(tǒng)最初可以被建模成一個(gè)如圖2所示的“黑箱”，在“黑箱”的兩側(cè)有能源、物料、信號(hào)作為輸入或者輸出。在“黑箱”模型中能

24、源用細(xì)線(xiàn)表示，物料用粗線(xiàn)表示，而信號(hào)則用點(diǎn)畫(huà)線(xiàn)表示。因此這種工程系統(tǒng)可以表示出輸入和輸出之間的功能關(guān)系。</p><p>　　TRIZ原理應(yīng)用的概念發(fā)展技術(shù)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)化理論的模板和方法十分有助于新思路鑒別 ，但是它們并不是下一代技術(shù)方案的特定概念。下一代技術(shù)方案的概念發(fā)展應(yīng)該在思路產(chǎn)生之后發(fā)生。</p><p>　　問(wèn)題分析需要對(duì)問(wèn)題有一個(gè)清楚的理解，因此可以將“黑箱”模型所表現(xiàn)出的總問(wèn)題可以

25、進(jìn)一步分解為小的子問(wèn)題。通過(guò)問(wèn)題分解，我們可以將對(duì)一個(gè)大的復(fù)雜的工程問(wèn)題的解決轉(zhuǎn)化尋找一個(gè)個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的的子問(wèn)題解決辦法的問(wèn)題。由此設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)可以集中精力去解決關(guān)系設(shè)計(jì)成敗的關(guān)鍵的子問(wèn)題，然后再去解決其他子問(wèn)題。每個(gè)子問(wèn)題映射到相應(yīng)的子功能則一個(gè)小小的設(shè)計(jì)形成了，最后整合所有已獲得的子功能就可以得到整體所需要的總功能。值得注意的是，功能分解和應(yīng)運(yùn)而生的“黑箱”圖表都是很普通的，都不需要設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)掌握特定的工作工藝原則。另一方面，“黑箱”建模可以進(jìn)

26、行對(duì)現(xiàn)存系統(tǒng)的重新設(shè)計(jì)：將現(xiàn)存系統(tǒng)分解為對(duì)應(yīng)子功能的子系統(tǒng)，然后將子系統(tǒng)轉(zhuǎn)化為相應(yīng)的子功能，如此下去就可以實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)現(xiàn)存系統(tǒng)的重新設(shè)計(jì)。</p><p>　　新的創(chuàng)意可以直接來(lái)源于國(guó)際市場(chǎng)上的其他企業(yè)。企業(yè)產(chǎn)生出的新穎創(chuàng)意可以傳播銷(xiāo)售到其他企業(yè)，這使得企業(yè)自身能夠保持領(lǐng)先優(yōu)勢(shì)。同樣，經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的過(guò)程中會(huì)誕生出許多大型的工程計(jì)劃，例如著名的西氣東輸工程。這其中對(duì)于企業(yè)來(lái)說(shuō)蘊(yùn)含巨大商機(jī)：例如，相關(guān)企業(yè)去生產(chǎn)所需鋼管，大口徑

27、閥門(mén)；創(chuàng)新思路與設(shè)計(jì)產(chǎn)品，把他們的產(chǎn)品賣(mài)給這些工程管理者。人類(lèi)需求是不斷從低級(jí)向高級(jí)轉(zhuǎn)變的：從生理需求、安全需求、社會(huì)需求、被尊重的需求，到自我現(xiàn)實(shí)化的需求。人們這些從低級(jí)需求到高級(jí)需求的轉(zhuǎn)變對(duì)于企業(yè)來(lái)說(shuō)則意味著機(jī)遇。在這一過(guò)程中，企業(yè)應(yīng)該生產(chǎn)不同類(lèi)別的汽車(chē)去抓住這些因顧客需求改變而帶來(lái)的商機(jī)。</p><p>　　4.1“黑箱”建模實(shí)例</p><p>　　在本論文中舉出了從TRIZ文獻(xiàn)

28、中摘取的兩則實(shí)例用以說(shuō)明“黑箱”模型的使用方法。</p><p>　　4.1.1汽車(chē)安全氣囊</p><p>　　汽車(chē)安全氣囊和汽車(chē)安全帶配合使用可以在汽車(chē)發(fā)生來(lái)自前面急速碰撞時(shí)給汽車(chē)內(nèi)的駕駛者提供有效的保護(hù)。當(dāng)安裝于汽車(chē)前端的碰撞傳感器感應(yīng)到汽車(chē)大速率減速時(shí)，安全氣囊展開(kāi)。傳感器觸發(fā)安全氣囊充氣指令，通過(guò)一個(gè)快速的化學(xué)反應(yīng)（一個(gè)小型爆炸反應(yīng)）迅速產(chǎn)生大量氮?dú)馓畛浒踩珰饽?。通常，安全氣囊?/p>

29、以在碰撞被探測(cè)出后1/20秒的時(shí)間內(nèi)充分展開(kāi)(據(jù)Kowalick, 1997年)。安全氣囊的初始“黑箱”模型如圖3(a)所示。整個(gè)汽車(chē)安全氣囊的“黑箱”模型有一個(gè)信號(hào)輸入，輸入信號(hào)即為由汽車(chē)碰撞產(chǎn)生的機(jī)械能。圖3(b)表示了將整體的“黑箱”模型分解為許多子系統(tǒng)，各子系統(tǒng)有相應(yīng)的能源、物料和信號(hào)流。</p><p>　　在圖中，箭頭表示出了事情發(fā)生的先后順序，始于沖擊的檢測(cè)，（傳感器）發(fā)信號(hào)給化學(xué)反應(yīng)裝置，化學(xué)反應(yīng)

30、裝置迅速產(chǎn)生填充氣體和機(jī)械能給氣囊。然后司機(jī)猛然沖進(jìn)氣囊，隨后發(fā)生與車(chē)廂內(nèi)側(cè)的碰撞。要注意司機(jī)和氣囊之間的距離以及氣囊與車(chē)廂內(nèi)側(cè)之間的距離，因?yàn)檫@兩個(gè)距離可以表明機(jī)械力的作用是雙向的。</p><p>　　4.1.2電腦硬盤(pán)驅(qū)動(dòng)器</p><p>　　電腦的硬盤(pán)驅(qū)動(dòng)器是一種可以用來(lái)儲(chǔ)存和檢索數(shù)據(jù)的設(shè)備（如圖4所示）。在硬盤(pán)驅(qū)動(dòng)器內(nèi)，數(shù)據(jù)被儲(chǔ)存在一張旋轉(zhuǎn)磁盤(pán)上，讀取/寫(xiě)入頭可以從其上獲取數(shù)據(jù)

31、。讀取/寫(xiě)入頭安置在可動(dòng)作動(dòng)臂的末端，它可以使磁盤(pán)磁場(chǎng)磁化（寫(xiě)入）或感知磁場(chǎng)磁性（讀?。Ｗx取/寫(xiě)入頭懸浮在磁盤(pán)旋轉(zhuǎn)產(chǎn)生的氣流上，因而與磁盤(pán)產(chǎn)生一個(gè)十分微小的間隙，這樣可以避免因二者接觸而對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)產(chǎn)生損害。圖5給出了一個(gè)旋轉(zhuǎn)著的硬盤(pán)的“黑箱”模型。</p><p>　　5.TRIZ中的能源-物料-信號(hào)模型</p><p>　　能源-物料-信號(hào)模型使用符號(hào)具體地表現(xiàn)系統(tǒng)中有害或不足的能源、物料

32、和信號(hào)，因此它擴(kuò)展了“黑箱”模型。另外，還融入了允許對(duì)若干階段和不連續(xù)的時(shí)間分散事件進(jìn)行建模的符號(hào)。表格1列出了更新的符號(hào)及其相應(yīng)的描述。同樣，在本論文中將使用前面已舉出的兩個(gè)例子來(lái)解釋能源-物料-信號(hào)模型。</p><p>　　盡管汽車(chē)安全氣囊在挽救生命方面取得了許多的成功，但是它在小的碰撞發(fā)生時(shí)（錯(cuò)誤地）展開(kāi)時(shí)產(chǎn)生的沖擊力也奪取了很多的生命。安全氣囊在汽車(chē)受到前端碰撞時(shí)的能源-物料-信號(hào)模型如圖6所示。通過(guò)比

33、較“黑箱”模型和能源-物料-信號(hào)模型，我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)二者的主要區(qū)別就是在能源-物料-信號(hào)模型中一般的沖擊被分為了巨大沖擊和小沖擊，同時(shí)列出了小沖擊機(jī)械能源的有害影響。通過(guò)閱讀安全氣囊系統(tǒng)的上下文，讀者可以清楚地發(fā)現(xiàn)需要進(jìn)一步關(guān)注的問(wèn)題。另外，系統(tǒng)中可以被用作設(shè)計(jì)解決方案一部分的可用資源也將會(huì)被整合到問(wèn)題分析模型中。和傳統(tǒng)的SFA 與TOP模型分析案例的方法一樣，能源-物料-信號(hào)模型也不需要列出系統(tǒng)中不必要資源的單獨(dú)列表。</p>

34、;<p>　　為了減少安全氣囊引發(fā)的事故，許多的汽車(chē)制造商改在汽車(chē)上安裝具有能源判定元件的氣囊。因?yàn)檫@種氣囊展開(kāi)速度不如普通氣囊，所以它不會(huì)對(duì)小的沖擊產(chǎn)生危害。但是這種具有能源判定元件的氣囊的問(wèn)題就是當(dāng)高速?zèng)_擊發(fā)生時(shí)沒(méi)有普通氣囊處理有效，這是因?yàn)檫@種氣囊完全展開(kāi)所需要的時(shí)間較長(zhǎng)展開(kāi)不夠迅速，因此它不能預(yù)防撞擊汽車(chē)內(nèi)部的沖擊（大的或是小的）。圖7表示出了高速撞擊和低速撞擊兩種撞擊情況的EMS模型。使用了多情況符號(hào)，低速撞擊的

35、情況用上端的部分表示。對(duì)于低速撞擊的情況，來(lái)源于氣囊的機(jī)械力足以滿(mǎn)足兩種與汽車(chē)內(nèi)部撞擊情況下的保護(hù)需要。對(duì)于另外一種情況，高速撞擊在多情況符號(hào)中用較低的部分表示，同樣也將引起氣囊展開(kāi)。但是，來(lái)源于氣囊的機(jī)械力不足以滿(mǎn)足任一與汽車(chē)內(nèi)部撞擊情況下的保護(hù)需要（有害影響）。</p><p>　　下面轉(zhuǎn)向電腦硬盤(pán)驅(qū)動(dòng)器的例子，當(dāng)電腦關(guān)閉時(shí)一片所關(guān)心的區(qū)域凸起或者是驅(qū)動(dòng)器受到一個(gè)外部較強(qiáng)的撞擊。當(dāng)硬盤(pán)驅(qū)動(dòng)器不旋轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)，讀取/寫(xiě)

36、入頭會(huì)敲掉磁盤(pán)余下的區(qū)域致使磁盤(pán)上的數(shù)據(jù)被損壞。在余下的區(qū)域，由于磁閉鎖讀取/寫(xiě)入頭會(huì)保持在原有位置。當(dāng)電腦再次被接通電源時(shí)，由磁盤(pán)旋轉(zhuǎn)產(chǎn)生的氣流將讀取/寫(xiě)入頭升起，安置在旋轉(zhuǎn)的臂軸（柱銷(xiāo)）上的永久磁鐵/電磁石產(chǎn)生足夠的力將旋轉(zhuǎn)臂從磁閉鎖中釋放出來(lái)，同時(shí)能使讀取/寫(xiě)入頭移向?qū)⑤斎牖驒z索數(shù)據(jù)所在的任意位置(據(jù)Royzen, 1999年)。圖8表示了這種情況的一種能源-物料-信號(hào)模型。在該模型中，設(shè)計(jì)者可以追蹤事情發(fā)生的先后順序（即流程），

37、可以確定電腦底盤(pán)某點(diǎn)受到外界較強(qiáng)撞擊的時(shí)間以及讀取/寫(xiě)入頭對(duì)磁盤(pán)表面造成損壞（壞的影響）的位置。圖表表明磁場(chǎng)強(qiáng)度是不足的，因此需要標(biāo)定一個(gè)（具體的）位置或區(qū)域。</p><p>　　一種可能的解決方案就是使用更強(qiáng)的磁閉鎖，但是這種方法可能會(huì)使在電腦開(kāi)始工作時(shí)旋轉(zhuǎn)臂釋放發(fā)生困難。圖9表示了兩種情況下的模型，多情況符號(hào)的上部分代表外界撞擊的情況，下部分代表電腦開(kāi)始工作的情況。值得注意的是，通過(guò)增加磁閉鎖的強(qiáng)度能夠收到

38、所希望的降低外界碰撞對(duì)驅(qū)動(dòng)器損壞程度的目的，但是它也會(huì)引起在系統(tǒng)啟動(dòng)時(shí)（困難）這一我們不愿看到的結(jié)果。</p><p>　　上面所舉出的兩個(gè)例子闡述了在系統(tǒng)中存在有害或不充分影響的情況下如何改進(jìn)EMS建模，并將工程設(shè)計(jì)人員的注意力集中到這些方面。另外，這種模型表示出整個(gè)系統(tǒng)的問(wèn)題區(qū)域供工程設(shè)計(jì)人員甄選出能夠作為解決問(wèn)題方案一部分的可用資源。更進(jìn)一步，與傳統(tǒng)的“黑箱”建模不同，EMS模型允許在同一模型中多情況的相互

39、包含。</p><p><b>　　英語(yǔ)原文</b></p><p>　　This paper was first published in the proceedings of ETRIA TRIZ Futures 2004 Conference, held in Florence,Italy, November 2004.</p><p>

40、　　EMS Models: Adaptation Of Engineering Design Black-Box Models</p><p>　　For Use In TRIZ</p><p>　　Madara Ogot</p><p>　　Engineering Design Program, and</p><p>　　Departme

41、nt of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering</p><p>　　The Pennsylvania State University</p><p>　　University Park, PA 16802, USA</p><p>　　madaraogot@psu.edu</p><p><b>

42、　　Abstract</b></p><p>　　The Theory of Inventive Problem Solving (TRIZ) has been widely recognized as a powerful systematic innovation technique that can be applied to a wide arrange of disciplines. Thi

43、s paper focuses on engineering design and illustrates how modeling methods already familiar to engineering designers can be adapted for use in TRIZ.</p><p>　　Specifically, the 'black-box' modeling te

44、chnique, common in problem formulation and clarification in engineering design, is modified for use in TRIZ. The new technique, referred to as Energy, Material, System modeling, can not only serve as a substitute for sub

45、stance-field modeling, but as it builds on existing knowledge in the engineer-</p><p>　　ing design community, removes one of the barriers to wider TRIZ adoption by not requiring designers to learn new and ra

46、dically different modeling techniques. The efficacy of the technique is illustrated via several examples.</p><p>　　Keywords: Problem formulation, problem clarification, TRIZ standard solutions.</p>&l

47、t;p>　　1. Introduction</p><p>　　TRIZ has been touted as a method that can be applied across numerous disciplines due to the generality of its collection of principles and tools. In trying to generate a wid

48、er audience, most TRIZ texts use the general modeling methods and terminology developed over the years by the TRIZ community. The presentations, however, may also present a barrier to wider implementation due to the diff

49、iculty in relating TRIZ concepts typically discussed in the context of TRIZ modeling techniques to one's sp</p><p>　　Despite the power of TRIZ, it has not seen wide usage in the engineering design commun

50、ity, both in industry and in academe. This article explores ways to increase the implementation of TRIZ in the engineering design community by adapting and incorporating modeling techniques already familiar to engineerin

51、g designers into TRIZ. This is achieved by adapting the black-box modeling technique, widely used in engineering design for problem clarification and decomposition, for use in TRIZ. The new tech</p><p>　　1.

52、Builds on existing knowledge within the engineering design community, thereby removing one of the barriers to widespread TRIZ adoption.</p><p>　　2. Applicable to both physical and technical contradiction sys

53、tems.</p><p>　　3. Inherently provides sequence of events within the modeled system.</p><p>　　4. Includes multiple scenarios in the same model.</p><p>　　5. Identifies the true proble

54、m to be solved, within the context of the overall system.</p><p>　　6. Includes all the resources available in the system that can be used to furnish a final solution. A separate resource list is therefore no

55、t required.</p><p>　　The development and use of the EMS model in the context of two examples follows in the rest of the paper. In addition, the standard solutions, most based on substance-field modeling, are

56、 modified to incorporate the new modeling method.</p><p><b>　　2. TRIZ</b></p><p>　　TRIZ, the Russian acronym for Theory of Inventive Problem Solving, was first developed in Russia by

57、 Genrich Altshuller and is now used across the world. It was originally based on analyses in the early sixties and seventies of thousands of Russian patents. These original analyses articulated numerous solution patterns

58、 found across patents that can be successfully applied to solve new problems. These patterns have since been synthesized into numerous tools including (1) physical effects, (2) laws</p><p>　　The environment

59、is all the digital technologies applied in a companies and market. The core is a process model based on TRIZ for product development. The supporting digital technology for the core is CAI. The idea generation in the core

60、 is a fusion of market opportunities, pattern, lines and the state of technologies in the lines, capability of the company. The idea development is supported by principles/effects/standard solutions. Design integration o

61、f configuration and manufacture are supporte</p><p>　　TRIZ has been recognized as a concept generation process that can develop clever solutions to problems by using the condensed knowledge of thousands of p

62、ast inventors. It provides steps that allow design teams to avoid the ``psychological inertia'' that tends to draw them to common, comfortable solutions when better, non-traditional ones may exist. With reference

63、 to Figure 1, a design team using TRIZ converts their specific design problem to a general TRIZ design problem. The latter is based on </p><p>　　The core of innovation is to find difficult problems, such as

64、the problems with contradictions, and to solve them quickly. The TRIZ is not only a specific technology for innovation but also the technology for software development of CAI. But successful innovation should be carried

65、out in a environment of digital technologies in table 1. If a company has an environment of this kind a process model to apply TRIZ is also needed, especially for the companies of China. Figure 10 is a macro model of t&l

66、t;/p><p>　　Figure 1. Generation of design solutions using TRIZ</p><p>　　The tools of TRIZ: inventive principles, standard solutions and effects are helpful to apply into these situations. Figure 8

67、shows this. The ideas are analyzed first and decisions then should be made. If contradictions do exist the inventive principles or standard solutions are chosen in order to solve them. If there is no contradiction, which

68、 means that the physics to realize the ideas are missing, effects should be selected. The new concepts developed are evaluated. If one or two concepts are </p><p>　　There are two kinds of inventive principle

69、s for solving technical contradictions and physical contradictions. 39 engineering parameters and a matrix are used to select a few from 40 principles, which are relevant to solve a specific contradiction. There are four

70、 separation principles to solve physical contradictions. They are selected according to space, time, condition or parts and whole. There are 75 standard solutions in TRIZ, which are divided into 5 classes. </p>&l

71、t;p>　　3. Substance-Field Analysis and Variants</p><p>　　A key concept in TRIZ is the modeling of all material objects (visible or invisible) as substances, and sources of energy (mechanical, chemical, nuc

72、lear, thermal, acoustic, etc.) as fields. A function (also known as substance-field) can therefore be defined as a substance, S1, acted upon by a field, F1, created by a second substance, S2. The substance-field for a co

73、mplete system can be represented with the notation,</p><p>　　where the arrow shows S2 having a positive or desired effect on S1 through the field F1. Note that in the TRIZ literature the graphical representa

74、tion for the substance-</p><p><b>　　F 1</b></p><p>　　?? S2 S1 (1)</p><p>　　-fields varies greatly. Equation 1 merely presents

75、a possible representation.</p><p>　　The parameters S1 and S2 are often referred to as object and tool, respectively, where the tool is acting on the object to create the desired effect. Models that do not ha

76、ve all three components (tool, object and field) are referred to as incomplete. By adding the missing element, a problem that may have been present in the system can be solved. Alternatively, if the tool has a harmful ef

77、fect on the object, the straight field line would be wavy to indicate that harm is being done. </p><p>　　Royzen(1999) proposed the use of the Tool-Object-Product (TOP) analysis, a variant of SFA, as the next

78、 generation modeling approach. In TOP analysis a complete system has four elements: tool, object, field and product. The latter is defined either as a useful product (UP) or a harmful product (HP). The TOP analysis for a

79、 complete system can be represented with the notation </p><p>　　1、Altshuller's work focused primarily on mechanically oriented patents. In recent years numerous researchers have begun to analyze worldwid

80、e patents in all fields and to update the TRIZ tools. Equation 2 states that the tool creates the desired effect on the object via a field to produce a useful product.</p><p>　　Despite the appeal of both the

81、 SFA and the TOP models, they both require engineering designers to learn new modeling techniques, conventions and nomenclature and may therefore present a barrier to adoption. The following section will introduce black-

82、box modeling upon which the presented energy-material-signals (EMS) models are based.</p><p>　　Technology opportunities for the existing product under study can be found by searching different patterns and l

83、ines of evolution. First, a pattern is selected and a line under this pattern is also selected. Then, current state for the product is determined from the line selected. The distance between the ending state and the curr

84、ent state in that line is a technology opportunity. By above searching method one or a few technology opportunities can be determined.</p><p>　　Every technology opportunity includes one or several potential

85、states, which are upper states from the current to the ending state. Every potential state implies one or a few new ideas of potential technologies to be used for the evolution of current technology in the future develop

86、ment.</p><p>　　First, Substance-field models for the problem to be solved are developed. Then, a standard solution from the class1 to class 4 is selected by the Su-field model and to obtain a pre-solution. T

87、he class 5 is last be used to modify the pre-solution and the final solution is obtained.</p><p>　　Effects in TRIZ are helpful to make physics or working principles to realize the ideas produced in FFE. Ther

88、e are about 10,000 effects described in sciences, such as physics, mathematics, chemical, etc. Some of them may be used in the determination of the working principles in product design. An ordinary engineer usually knows

89、 about 100 effects. So a data base of effects is a kind of assistant tool for product designers. Some computer-aided innovation(CAI) software are needed as a tool or assist</p><p>　　4. Problem Clarification

90、with Black-Box Modeling</p><p>　　The following discussion of Black-box modeling is based upon the work by Pahl and Beitz (1996). An analysis of engineering systems reveals that they essentially channel or c

91、onvert energy, material or signals to achieve a desired outcome. Energy is manifested in various forms including, optical, nuclear, mechanical, electrical, etc. Materials represent matter. Signals represent the physical

92、form in which information is channeled. For example data stored on a hard drive (information) would be con</p><p>　　An engineering system can therefore be initially modeled as a black-box (Figure 2) with ene

93、rgy,material and signal inputs and outputs from the system. In black box modeling, energy is represented by a thin line, material flows by a thick line, and signals by dotted lines as shown. The engineering system theref

94、ore provides the functional relationship between the inputs and the outputs.</p><p>　　Figure 2. Energy, material and signal flows through a generic `black box' design</p><p>　　The patterns a

95、nd lines of technology system evolution are helpful in identification of new ideas, but which are not specific concepts of next-generation technologies. Concept development for the next-generation technologies should be

96、carried out after the ideas are produced. </p><p>　　Problem clarification involves forming a clear understanding of the problem. The overall problem represented by the black-box can be decomposed into smalle

97、r sub-problems. Problem decomposition allows solutions to complex engineering design problems to be found by considering simpler sub-problems. Design teams can then focus on the sub-problems critical to the success of th

98、e project first, deferring others. Sub-problems are then mapped to sub-functions for which a design is created. Combination o</p><p>　　Black-box modeling of existing systems that are to be redesigned, on the

99、 other hand, decomposes the existing system into sub-systems as opposed to sub-functions. The sub-systems would then be translated to sub-functions from where the redesign proceeds.</p><p>　　New market space

100、 is a source of idea generation. Companies often wish to find some better alternatives to their products in order to help them break free from the competition in the world market. The world market is the biggest opportun

101、ity of innovation for any company. The new ideas can be imported directly from another company of the world. The new ideas produced in a company can be exported to another company, which can help the company-self to do t