外文翻譯--絞車

1、<p>　　中國地質大學長城學院</p><p>　　本科畢業(yè)論文外文資料翻譯</p><p>　　系 別： 工程技術系 </p><p>　　專 業(yè)：機械設計制造及其自動化</p><p>　　姓 名： </p><p>　　學 號：

2、 </p><p>　　2012 年 3 月 1 日</p><p><b>　　外文資料翻譯譯文</b></p><p>　　絞車又稱為卷揚機，主要運用于建筑、水利工程、林業(yè)、礦山、碼頭等的物料升降或平拖。是用卷筒纏繞鋼絲繩或鏈條以提升或牽引重物的輕小型起重設備。</p><p>　　絞車具有以

3、下特點：通用性高、結構緊湊、體積小、重量輕、起重大。使用轉移方便，被廣泛應用于建筑、水利工程、林業(yè)、礦山、碼頭等的物料升降或平拖，還可作現(xiàn)代化電控自動作業(yè)線的配套設備。有0.5噸～350噸，分為快速和慢速兩種。其中高于20噸的為大噸位絞車,絞車可以單獨使用，也可作為起重、筑路和礦井提升等機械中的組成部件，因操作簡單、繞繩量大、移置方便而廣泛應用。絞車主要技術指標有額定負載、支持負載、繩速、容繩量等。使用轉移方便，被廣泛應用于建筑、水利工

4、程、林業(yè)、礦山、碼頭等的物料升降或平拖，還可作現(xiàn)代化電控自動作業(yè)線的備。有0.5噸～350噸，分為快速和慢速兩種。其中高于20噸的為大噸位絞車,絞車可以單獨使用，也可作為起重、筑路和礦井提升等機械中的組成部件，因操作簡單、繞繩量大、移置方便而廣泛應用。絞車主要技術指標有額定負載、支持負載、繩速、容繩量等。</p><p>　　絞車按照動力分為手動、電動、液壓三類。從用途上分類可分為建筑用絞車和船用絞車。絞車按照功

5、能可以分為：船用絞車、工程絞車、礦用絞車、電纜絞車等等。按照卷筒形式分為單卷筒和和雙卷筒。</p><p>　　按照卷筒的分布形式有并列雙卷筒和前后雙卷筒，特殊符號的絞車有變頻絞車，雙筒絞車，手剎杠桿式雙制動絞車，帶限位器絞車，電控絞車，電控手剎離合絞車，大型雙筒雙制動絞車，大型外齒輪絞車，大型液壓絞車，大型外齒輪帶排繩器絞車，雙曳引輪絞車，大型液壓雙筒雙制動絞車，變頻帶限位器絞車。</p><

6、;p>　　手動絞車的手柄回轉的傳動機構上裝有停止器(棘輪和棘爪)，可使重物保持在需要的位置。裝配或提升重物用的手動絞車還應設置安全手柄和制動器。手動絞車一般用在起重量小、設施條件較差或無電源的地方。電動絞車廣泛用于工作繁重和所需牽引力較大的場所。單卷筒電動絞車的電動機經(jīng)減速器帶動卷筒，電動機與減速器輸入軸之間裝有制動器。為適應提升、牽引和回轉等作業(yè)的需要，還有雙卷筒和多卷筒裝置的絞車。一般額定載荷低于10T的絞車可以設計成電動絞車

7、。</p><p>　　液壓絞車主要是額定載荷較大的絞車，一般情況下10T以上到5000T的絞車設計成液壓絞車。其結構主要由液壓馬達（低速或高速馬達）、液壓常閉多片式制動器、行星齒輪箱、離合器(選配)、卷筒、支撐軸、機架、壓繩器(選配)等組成。液壓馬達具有很高的機械效率，起動扭矩大，并可根據(jù)工況要求帶不同的配流器，還可根據(jù)用戶需要設計閥組直接集成于馬達配油器上，如帶平衡閥、過載閥、高壓梭閥、調速換向閥或其他性能的

8、閥組，制動器、行星齒輪箱等直接安裝于卷筒內，卷筒、支撐軸、機架根據(jù)力學要求設計，整體結構簡潔合理并具有足夠的強度和剛性。因而該系列絞車在結構上具有緊湊、體積小、重量輕、外形美觀等特點，在性能上則具有安全性好、效率高、起動扭矩大、低速穩(wěn)定性好、噪音小、操作可靠等特點。值得一提的是液壓馬達高的容積效率和美國SUN公司優(yōu)質的平衡閥解決了一般絞車都存在的二次下滑和空鉤抖動現(xiàn)象，使得該系列液壓絞車的提升、下放和制動過程平穩(wěn)，帶離合器的絞車還可實現(xiàn)

9、自由下放。安裝于配流盤上的集成閥組則有效地簡化了用戶的液壓系統(tǒng)。由于該系列絞車具備上述優(yōu)點，使其廣泛應用于船舶、鐵路、工程機械、石油、地質勘探、冶金等行業(yè)，其優(yōu)良性能得</p><p>　　絞車必須在安全的情況下使用。</p><p>　　(1)絞車必須按規(guī)范要求進行設置。其規(guī)格凈高不低于2.0米凈寬為2.4米，凈深為2.0米。沿空送巷巷道根據(jù)巷道的實際情況而定，以不影響安全操作為原則。&

10、lt;/p><p>　　(2)絞車施工盡可能采用風鎬掘進，根據(jù)巷道的不同支護型式可采用木棚或工字鋼棚支護。頂板完好時采用錨網(wǎng)支護，頂板破碎時采用架棚支護。</p><p>　　(3)11.4KW小絞車基礎均要采用砼澆注，其基礎規(guī)格為1.0×1.0×1.0米。砼中水泥、黃沙、石子(瓜子片)的配合比為1：2：2；水灰 比為0.4。</p><p>　　(

11、4)絞車采用架棚支護時，要由外向里逐架進行，棚與棚之間要用撐木或拉桿連成一個整體，腰、幫要接嚴背實。棚距不超過0.7米。采用錨網(wǎng)支護時，錨桿的排間距為800×800mm。</p><p>　　(5)絞車電機應安裝在小絞車窩的里側，操作空間距不得少于0.8米；操作按紐上架，開關擺放整齊且不得妨礙人員操作。</p><p>　　(6)其它按作業(yè)規(guī)程中的有關規(guī)定執(zhí)行。</p>

12、;<p>　　在后來，天車一詞進入人類的眼中。橋式起重機是橋架在高架軌道上運行的一種橋架型起重機，又稱天車。橋式起重機的橋架沿鋪設在兩側高架上的軌道縱向運行，起重小車沿鋪設在橋架上的軌道橫向運行，構成一矩形的工作范圍，就可以充分利用橋架下面的空間吊運物料，不受地面設備的阻礙。 </p><p>　　橋式起重機廣泛地應用在室內外倉庫、廠房、碼頭和露天貯料場等處。橋式起重機可分為普通橋式起重機、簡易粱橋

13、式起重機和冶金專用橋式起重機三種。</p><p>　　普通橋式起重機一般由起重小車、橋架運行機構、橋架金屬結構組成。起重小車又由起升機構、小車運行機構和小車架三部分組成。起升機構包括電動機、制動器、減速器、卷筒和滑輪組。電動機通過減速器，帶動卷筒轉動，使鋼絲繩繞上卷筒或從卷筒放下，以升降重物。小車架是支托和安裝起升機構和小車運行機構等部件的機架，通常為焊接結構。 </p><p>　　起

14、重機運行機構的驅動方式可分為兩大類：一類為集中驅動，即用一臺電動機帶動長傳動軸驅動兩邊的主動車輪；另一類為分別驅動、即兩邊的主動車輪各用一臺電動機驅動。中、小型橋式起重機較多采用制動器、減速器和電動機組合成一體的“三合一”驅動方式，大起重量的普通橋式起重機為便于安裝和調整，驅動裝置常采用萬向聯(lián)軸器。 </p><p>　　起重機運行機構一般只用四個主動和從動車輪，如果起重量很大，常用增加車輪的辦法來降低輪壓。當車

15、輪超過四個時，必須采用鉸接均衡車架裝置，使起重機的載荷均勻地分布在各車輪上。 </p><p>　　橋架的金屬結構由主粱和端粱組成，分為單主粱橋架和雙粱橋架兩類。單主粱橋架由單根主粱和位于跨度兩邊的端粱組成，雙粱橋架由兩根主粱和端粱組成。 </p><p>　　主粱與端粱剛性連接，端粱兩端裝有車輪，用以支承橋架在高架上運行。主粱上焊有軌道，供起重小車運行。橋架主粱的結構類型較多比較典型的有

16、箱形結構、四桁架結構和空腹桁架結構。 </p><p>　　箱形結構又可分為正軌箱形雙粱、偏軌箱形雙粱、偏軌箱形單主粱等幾種。正軌箱形雙粱是廣泛采用的一種基本形式，主粱由上、下翼緣板和兩側的垂直腹板組成，小車鋼軌布置在上翼緣板的中心線上，它的結構簡單，制造方便，適于成批生產(chǎn)，但自重較大。 </p><p>　　偏軌箱形雙粱和偏軌箱形單主粱的截面都是由上、下翼緣板和不等厚的主副腹板組成，小車

17、鋼軌布置在主腹板上方。</p><p>　　四桁架式結構由四片平面桁架組合成封閉型空間結構，在上水平桁架表面一般鋪有走臺板，自重輕，剛度大，但與其他結構相比，外形尺寸大，制造較復雜，疲勞強度較低，已較少生產(chǎn)。</p><p>　　空腹桁架結構類似偏軌箱形主粱，由四片鋼板組成一封閉結構，除主腹板為實腹工字形粱外，其余三片鋼板上按照設計要求切割成許多窗口，形成一個無斜桿的空腹桁架，在上、下水平

18、桁架表面鋪有走臺板，起重機運行機構及電氣設備裝在橋架內部，自重較輕，整體剛度大，這在中國是較為廣泛采用的一種型式。 </p><p>　　普通橋式起重機主要采用電力驅動，一般是在司機室內操縱，也有遠距離控制的。起重量可達五百噸，跨度可達60米。簡易梁橋式起重機又稱粱式起重機，其結構組成與普通橋式起重機類似，起重量、跨度和工作速度均較小。橋架主粱是由工字鋼或其他型鋼和板鋼組成的簡單截面粱，用手拉葫蘆或電動葫蘆配上簡

19、易小車作為起重小車，小車一般在工字粱的下翼緣上運行。橋架可以沿高架上的軌道運行，也可沿懸吊在高架下面的軌道運行，這種起重機稱為懸掛粱式起重機。</p><p><b>　　外文原文</b></p><p>　　The winch is also known as the winch, mainly used in construction, water conserv

20、ancy engineering, forestry, mining, terminals and other material lifting or flat mop. A winding drum is used for winding wire ropes or chains to enhance or draft light small lifting equipment.</p><p>　　Winch

21、 has the following characteristics: high versatility, compact structure, small volume, light weight, great. The use of convenient transfer, is widely used in construction, water conservancy engineering, forestry, mining,

22、 terminals and other material lifting or flat mop, also can make the modern automatic production line equipment. There are 0.5 tons to 350 tons, divided into fast and slow two. Among the above 20 tons of large tonnage wi

23、nch, the winch can be used alone, can also be used as l</p><p>　　Winch according to power is divided into manual, electric, hydraulic three class. From the use of classification can be divided into building

24、winch and marine winch. Winch according to the function can be divided into: Marine winch, winch, winch in mine engineering, cable winch. According to the web form is divided into single and double drum reel</p>&

25、lt;p>　　According to the distribution form of the reel drum and before and after the double drum winch, special symbols with frequency conversion winch, double drum winch, handbrake lever type double brake winch, with

26、restrictor winch, electric winch, electric winch brake clutch, large double cylinder double brake winch, a large gear winch, hydraulic winch, large external gear belt rope guider winch, a traction wheel winch, hydraulic

27、double cylinder double brake winch, winch frequency band limiter.Manua</p><p>　　Manual winch in weight is small, infrastructure condition is poorer or the place without power. Electric winch is widely used f

28、or heavy work and need for traction force larger venues. Single drum winch drum is driven by the motor speed reducer, motor and the input shaft of the reducer is arranged between the brake. In order to adapt to the lift,

29、 traction and rotary operation needs, and double drum and drum winch. General load rating less than 10T winch can be designed into electric winch.</p><p>　　The hydraulic winch is rated load large winch, in g

30、eneral more than 10T to 5000T design into a hydraulic winch. Its structure is mainly composed of a hydraulic motor ( high and low speed hydraulic motor ), normally closed multi-disc brake, planetary gearbox, clutch ( opt

31、ional), reel, a supporting shaft, a rope pressing device, ( optional). The hydraulic motor has high mechanical efficiency, big starting torque, and according to the requirements of working conditions with different distr

32、ibutor, c</p><p>　　Winch must be under the circumstance of safety use. In 1, a winch must be standardized requirements set. Its specifications clear height of not less than 2 meters width of 2.4 meters, 2 me

33、ters deep into the net. The roadway along goaf roadway tunnel according to the actual situation, in does not affect the safe operation principle. 2, as far as possible using the pneumatic driving winch construction, acco

34、rding to the different types of supporting roadway with wood shed or steel roof support. Roo</p><p>　　In the later, crane word entered the human eye. Overhead bridge crane is a bridge in the orbit of a bridg

35、e type crane, also known as crane. Bridge crane bridge laying on both sides along the elevated track on the vertical run, lifting trolley along the bridge on the laying of the track in the horizontal run, the scope of wo

36、rk constitutes a rectangle, you can take full advantage of the lifting bridge the space below the material, the hindered from ground equipment.</p><p>　　Bridge crane widely used in indoor and outdoor storage

37、, factories, docks and outdoor storage yard. Bridge crane bridge crane can be divided into general bridge crane, simple beam bridge crane and metallurgical three special bridge crane. General by the general bridge crane

38、lifting trolley, bridge run organization, structure and composition of metal bridge. The crab by the hoisting mechanism, a carriage running mechanism and a trolley frame is composed of three parts. The lifting mechanism

39、compri</p><p>　　Crane's operation mechanism driving method can be divided into two categories: one category for centralized drive, which uses an electric motor to drive the long drive shaft to drive the

40、active wheel of both sides; another kind is respectively drive, namely active on both sides of the wheels with a motor driver. In small bridge crane, more use of brake, reducer and motor are combined into one of the"

41、; three in one" drive, great weight of general overhead traveling crane for ease of installation a</p><p>　　Crane operation is generally only used four driving and driven wheels, if the great weight, co

42、mmonly used to increase the wheel to reduce the wheel pressure. When the wheel is more than four, must use articulated balance frame device, so that the crane load uniformly distributed on each wheel.</p><p>

43、;　　Bridge structure of the metal by Lord Liang Heduan beam composition, divided into single beam bridge and double beam bridge of the two kind. Single beam bridge by a single main beam and is located to span on both side

44、s of the end beam, double beam bridge consists of two main Liang Heduan beam.</p><p>　　Main girder and end girder rigid connection, end beam with both ends of the wheel, in order to support the bridge in an

45、elevated running. The main beam is welded on the track, for lifting trolley. Bridge main beam structure type is more typically the box structure, the four truss structure and Vierendeel truss.</p><p>　　Box s

46、tructure can be divided into track double box girder, bias rail box double beam, bias rail box single beam of. Track double box beam is widely used in a basic form, main beam, the lower flange plate and both sides of the

47、 vertical web component, trolley rail are arranged in the upper flange of the center line, it has the advantages of simple structure, convenient manufacture, is suitable for batch production, but the large self-weight.&l

48、t;/p><p>　　Bias rail box double beam and the bias rail box single beam section is composed of an upper, lower flange plate and the vice principal of unequal thickness of web component, trolley rail is arranged

49、in the main web.</p><p>　　Four truss frame structure by four plane trusses are combined into a closed space structure, in the horizontal truss surface generally paved with walking board, light weight, high r

50、igidity, but comparing with other structure, large size, manufacturing complex, a low fatigue strength, has less production.</p><p>　　Vierendeel truss structure similar to bias-rail box main girder, composed

51、 of four pieces of steel plate to form a closed structure, in addition to the main web for solid abdominal I-shaped beam, the remaining three pieces of steel plate according to the requirement of the design cut into many

52、 windows, forming a diagonal rod vierendeel truss, the horizontal truss under surface, paved walking board, crane traveling mechanism and electrical equipment installed in the tray, lighter weight, integral </p>&

53、lt;p>　　General bridge crane is mainly driven by electric power, generally in the driver room, also has a remote control. Lifting capacity up to five hundred tons, the span of up to 60 meters. Simple beam bridge crane

54、and bridge type crane, its structure and the general bridge crane lifting weight, similar, span and working speed are small. Bridge main beam is made of steel or other type of steel and steel plate composed of simple gir

55、der with electric hoist, NRK hyacinth or with simple car as the liftin</p><p>　　I will be driven by advances in information and computer technology. Our challenge is to ensure that new information, safety, a