外文翻譯--管理信息系統(tǒng)

1、<p>　　附錄1 外文參考文獻(xiàn)（原文）</p><p>　　Management Information Iystems</p><p>　　Writer: Raymond McLeod, Jr·George Schell</p><p>　　Information is one of the main resources available

2、to the manager. Information can be managed just as any other resource, and interest in this topic stem from two influences. First, business has become more complex, and second, the computer has achieved improved capabili

3、ties.</p><p>　　Computer information is used by managers, non-managers, and persons and organizations within the firm’s environment. Managers are found on all organizational levels of the firm and in all busi

4、ness areas. Managers perform functions and play roles; to be successful and they need skill in communication and problem solving. Managers should be computer literate, but, more important, they should be information lite

5、rate.</p><p>　　It is helpful if the manager has an ability to see his or her unit as a system composed of subsystems and existing within a larger super system. The firm is a physical system, but it is manage

6、d through a conceptual system. The conceptual system consists of an information processor that transforms data into information and represents the physical resources.</p><p>　　The first major computer applic

7、ation was used to process accounting data. That application was followed by four others: management information systems, decision support system, the virtual office, and knowledge-based system. All five of these applicat

8、ions compose the computer-based information system.</p><p>　　What are the information resources?</p><p>　　The first efforts to engage in information management focused on data. These efforts occ

9、urred in conjunction with widespread adoption database management systems during the 1970s and 1980s. Firms reasoned that if they managed their data by implementing computer-based DBMSs, they would, in effect, manage the

10、ir information.</p><p>　　A broader view, however, is that you can manage information by managing the resources that produce the information. In other words, rather than concentrate on the input (the data)and

11、 the output (the information), attention should also be given to the information processor that transforms the input into the output. This processor includes the hardware and software, as well an the persons who develop,

12、 operate, and use the systems. Also included are the facilities that house the resources. Main Ty</p><p>　　The manager managers five main type of resources:</p><p><b>　　Personnel</b>

13、;</p><p><b>　　Material</b></p><p>　　Machines(including facilities and energy) </p><p><b>　　Money</b></p><p>　　Information(including data)</p&

14、gt;<p>　　The task of the manager is to manage these resources in order to use them in the most effective way. The first four resource types are tangible; they exist physically and can be touched. We use the term p

15、hysical resource to describe them. The fifth resource type, information, is not valuable form what it represents. That is we use the term conceptual resource to describe information and data. Managers use conceptual reso

16、urces to manage physical resources.</p><p>　　How Information is Managed</p><p>　　It is easy to see how a manager managers physical resources, but management applies equally well to conceptual re

17、scources. The manager ensures that the necessary raw data is gathered and then processed into usable information. He or she then ensures that appropriate individuals receive the information in the proper form at the prop

18、er time so that it can be used. Finally, the manager discard information that has outlived its usefulness and replaces it with information that is current and accurate</p><p>　　Increasing Complexity of Busin

19、ess Activity</p><p>　　Business has always been complex, but it is more so today than ever before. All firms are subject to international economic influences and compete in a worldwide marketplace, the techno

20、logy of business is becoming more complex, the time frame for taking action is shrinking, and there are social constrains.</p><p>　　International economic influences Firms of all size are subject to economi

21、c influences that can originate anywhere in the world. Such influence can be seen in the relative values of the currencies of each nation. Buyers make purchases in those countries where their currencies have the greatest

22、 value. For example, when Mexico devalued its peso during the late 1980s,tourists decided to take their vacations there, rather than in place like Hawaii.</p><p>　　Worldwide competition Firms no longer comp

23、ete in only their own geographic area. Rather, competition exists on a worldwide scale. The effects of this competition can be seen in the imports from foreign countries. The decision by General Motors in the early 1990s

24、 to close many of its plans indicates that even industry giants are not insulated from the effects of competition which can originate anywhere in the world.</p><p>　　Increasing complexity technology. We see

25、example of technology in business every day-barcode scanners in supermarkets, computer-based airline reservation systems, automated teller technology that we do not see-factory robots and automated merchandise storage-an

26、d-handing equipment, for example. Firms invest in this technology to perform necessary operation. Just think what would happen if the L.L.Bean mail-order operation in Maine or Harrod’s department store in London could no

27、 longer use their c</p><p>　　Shrinking time frames All phases of business operations are performed more rapidly than ever before. Sales representatives engage in telemarketing to contact their customers wit

28、hin seconds by telephone, sale orders are transmitted electronically from one computer to another, and manufacturers schedule raw material deliveries to arrive “just in time.”</p><p>　　Social constraints Od

29、dly enough, not all pressures favor production; some favor nonproduction. This is true in the case of products and services that society finds undesirable. Business decisions must be based on economic factors, but social

30、 costs and payoffs must be considered as well. Plant expansion, new products, new products, new sales outlets, and similar actions must all be weighed in term of their environmental impact.</p><p>　　Each of

31、these influences contributes to the complexity of business.</p><p>　　Physical systems and conceptual systems</p><p>　　The business firm is a physical system, composed of physical resources. A co

32、nceptual system, on the other hand, is a system that uses conceptual resources-information and data-to represent a physical system. A conceptual system exists, for example, as mental images in the manager’s mind, as figu

33、res or lines on a sheet of paper, or in the electronic form of the computer’s storage.</p><p>　　The computer is a physical system, but the data and information stored in it can be viewed as a conceptual syst

34、em. The date and information represent one or more physical system. How the date and information are stored is unimportant. What is important is what the data and information represent. The physical system is important f

35、or what it is; the conceptual system is important for its representation of the physical system.</p><p>　　What stimulated end-user computing?</p><p>　　End-user computing evolved because of four

36、main influences.</p><p>　　An increase in computer literacy During the early 1980s, good computer education programs at both the college and precollege level began to have an impact. Management ranks, especi

37、ally on the lower levels, began to fill with computer-literate people.</p><p>　　The information services backing Information specialists have always had more work than they can handle. This situation became

38、 critical during the early 1980s, when users began making demands on information services for additional systems support. Information services could not respond quickly enough, and backlogs built up. Some users had to wa

39、it two or there year for their jobs to work their way through the backlog.</p><p>　　Low-cost hardware During this period, the market become flooded with low-cost microcomputers. Users could obtain their own

40、 hardware by placing an order at the local computer store by telephone and making payment for the petty cash fund.</p><p>　　Prewritten software Both hardware and software firms produced software that would

41、perform basic accounting tasks as well as provide information for decision making. This prewritten software offered enhanced support and ease of use, and it enabled firms and individual users with little or no computer e

42、xpertise to implement computer-based system.</p><p>　　The combination of these four influences accounted for the explosion of end-user computing.</p><p>　　System Elements</p><p>　　N

43、ot all systems have the same combination of elements, but a basic configuration is illustrated in figure 1.5. Input resources are transformed into output resources. The resources flow from the input element, through the

44、transformation element, and to the output element. A control mechanism monitors the transformation process to ensure that the system meets its objectives. The control mechanism is connected to the resource flow by means

45、of a feedback loop, which obtains information from the syst</p><p>　　When this arrangement of elements is used to explain a heating system, for example, the input represents the fuel, such as natural gas or

46、coal. Combustion is the heating process that transforms the fuel into heat-the output. The control mechanism is the thermostat, the feedback loop is the wiring that connects the thermostat to the heater, and the objectiv

47、e is the temperature that is dialed into the thermostat.</p><p>　　When the system elements represent a manufacturing firm, the input resources are the raw materials, which are transformed into finished produ

48、cts or services by the manufacturing process. The control mechanism is the firm’s management, the objectives are the goals that the firm seeks to achieve, and the feedback loop is the flow of information both to and from

49、 management.</p><p>　　附錄2 外文翻譯（譯文）</p><p><b>　　管理信息系統(tǒng)</b></p><p>　　作者：Raymond McLeod, Jr·George Schell</p><p>　　信息是管理者可以使用的主要資源之一。信息和其他任何資源一樣可以管理，而人們對這

50、一話題興趣源于兩種影響：首先是商業(yè)活動(dòng)變得更加復(fù)雜，其次是計(jì)算機(jī)性能提高。</p><p>　　在公司所處的環(huán)境中，計(jì)算機(jī)信息被管理者、非管理者、個(gè)人和組織所使用。在一個(gè)公司的各個(gè)組織層面以及所有商業(yè)領(lǐng)域都有管理者。管理者履行職責(zé)并發(fā)揮作用，若期望有所成就，那他們必須有進(jìn)行交流和解決問題的技巧。管理者應(yīng)當(dāng)成為由計(jì)算機(jī)文化的人，更重要的是成為有信息文化的人。</p><p>　　如果管理者有

51、能力將他的工作單位視為一個(gè)由子系統(tǒng)組成并且存在于一個(gè)更大的超級(jí)系統(tǒng)之中的系統(tǒng)，則會(huì)對其管理有所幫助。公司雖然是一個(gè)實(shí)體系統(tǒng)，但是通過一個(gè)概念系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行管理。這個(gè)概念系統(tǒng)有一個(gè)將數(shù)據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)化為信息的信息處理器組成，代表物質(zhì)資源。</p><p>　　計(jì)算機(jī)最初主要被用來處理會(huì)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)。管理信息系統(tǒng)、決策支持系統(tǒng)、虛擬辦公室和基于知識(shí)的系統(tǒng)則是后來的其他四種應(yīng)用。這五種應(yīng)用共同構(gòu)成了基于計(jì)算機(jī)的信息系統(tǒng)。</p>

52、<p><b>　　什么是信息資源?</b></p><p>　　信息管理的最初努力集中于數(shù)據(jù)管理.它是伴隨著20世紀(jì)七八十?dāng)?shù)據(jù)庫管理系統(tǒng)的廣泛應(yīng)用而發(fā)生的。公司認(rèn)為，如果可以通過實(shí)施以計(jì)算機(jī)為基礎(chǔ)的數(shù)據(jù)庫管理系統(tǒng)來管理它們的數(shù)據(jù)，那么它們就可以有效的管理信息。</p><p>　　然而，更為廣泛的觀點(diǎn)是你可以通過管理提供信息的資源來管理信息。換句話說，

53、不僅僅要把注意力集中在數(shù)據(jù)的輸入和輸出上，也要將注意力放在將輸入資源轉(zhuǎn)化為輸出資源的信息處理器上。這個(gè)信息處理器包括硬件和軟件，以及開發(fā)、運(yùn)行和使用系統(tǒng)的人員，也包括容納資源的設(shè)備。</p><p><b>　　資源的主要類型</b></p><p>　　管理者管理5種主要的資源：</p><p><b>　　人力資源；</b&

54、gt;</p><p><b>　　原材料資源；</b></p><p>　　機(jī)器資源（包括設(shè)備和能源資源）；</p><p><b>　　貨幣資源；</b></p><p>　　信息資源（包括數(shù)據(jù)資源）。</p><p>　　管理者的任務(wù)是管理并有效的利用這些資源。前4種資

55、源是有形的，它們以物質(zhì)狀態(tài)存在并且可以被觸摸到，我們用物質(zhì)資源這一術(shù)語來描述它們。第5種資源—信息則不是因?yàn)橛行味且驗(yàn)樗硎镜膶ο蠖哂袃r(jià)值。為此我們用概念資源來描述信息和數(shù)據(jù)資源。管理者使用概念資源來管理物質(zhì)資源。</p><p><b>　　如何管理信息</b></p><p>　　人們很容易看到管理者如何管理物質(zhì)資源,同樣管理者也可以很好地對概念資源進(jìn)行管理

56、。管理者要確保收集必要的原始數(shù)據(jù)并將其處理成為有用的信息，保證適當(dāng)?shù)膫€(gè)體在合適的時(shí)間收到正確的信息，并利用信息。最后，管理者摒棄無用的過時(shí)信息，代之以適時(shí)和正確的信息。所有這些活動(dòng)——獲取信息、以最有效的方式使用信息、在適當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)候摒棄信息——統(tǒng)稱為信息管理。</p><p>　　商業(yè)活動(dòng)的復(fù)雜程度增加</p><p>　　商業(yè)活動(dòng)一向很復(fù)雜，而今天的情況比以往任何時(shí)候都要厲害。所有在全球市

57、場上競爭的公司都受到了世界經(jīng)濟(jì)的影響，商業(yè)技術(shù)變得更加復(fù)雜，采取行動(dòng)的時(shí)間表不斷縮短，并且受社會(huì)的限制。</p><p>　　世界經(jīng)濟(jì)的影響 各種規(guī)模的公司都會(huì)受到世界上任一地方的經(jīng)濟(jì)的影響，這些影響可以從各國貨幣的相對價(jià)值中看到。消費(fèi)者在那些能使其手中的貨幣具有最大價(jià)值的國家進(jìn)行消費(fèi)。例如，20世紀(jì)80年代末期在墨西哥比索貶值時(shí)，游客們就決定在墨西哥而不是在夏威夷這樣的地方度假。</p><

58、;p>　　全球競爭 公司不再局限于在自己所處的地理區(qū)域展開競爭。相反，競爭是全球范圍內(nèi)存在的。這種競爭性的影響可以從國外的進(jìn)口中觀察到。20世紀(jì)90年代早期，通用汽車公司關(guān)閉大量工廠的決定就說明，即使工業(yè)巨頭也不能免受那些可能發(fā)生在世界上任何地方的競爭的影響。</p><p>　　技術(shù)復(fù)雜程度的提高 我們每天都能看到商業(yè)技術(shù)的應(yīng)用——超級(jí)市場的條形碼掃描器、基于計(jì)算機(jī)的航空訂票系統(tǒng)、自動(dòng)出納機(jī)和停車

59、場的閉路電視，還有很多我們沒有看到的后臺(tái)技術(shù)，如工廠里的機(jī)器人和自動(dòng)控制的貨物儲(chǔ)藏和處理裝置。公司投資于這種技術(shù)并完成必要的經(jīng)營活動(dòng)。讓我們想象一下，如果L.L.Bean 位于倫敦的梅恩或者哈羅德百貨商店的郵購預(yù)訂系統(tǒng)將不能再使用計(jì)算機(jī)，那會(huì)出現(xiàn)什么情形！</p><p>　　時(shí)間表的縮短 商業(yè)活動(dòng)的所有階段都比以往任何時(shí)候更快了。銷售代表從事電子營銷，用電話在幾秒鐘內(nèi)就可以和客戶聯(lián)系上；銷售訂單以電子單據(jù)

60、形式從一臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)傳輸?shù)搅硪惶煊?jì)算機(jī)；生產(chǎn)商安排原材料“準(zhǔn)時(shí)”送達(dá)。</p><p>　　社會(huì)限制 不是所有的社會(huì)壓力都有助于生產(chǎn)，有些壓力回阻礙生產(chǎn)。當(dāng)生產(chǎn)和服務(wù)不受歡迎的時(shí)候就會(huì)出現(xiàn)這種情況。商業(yè)決策必須以經(jīng)濟(jì)要素為基礎(chǔ)，但是同樣要考慮社會(huì)成本和盈利。工廠的擴(kuò)建、新產(chǎn)品的開發(fā)、銷路的開拓，以及類似行動(dòng)都要根據(jù)他們多受環(huán)境的影響加以衡量。</p><p>　　上述每一種影響都增加了商

61、業(yè)活動(dòng)的復(fù)雜程度。</p><p><b>　　實(shí)體系統(tǒng)和概念系統(tǒng)</b></p><p>　　商業(yè)公司是一個(gè)實(shí)體系統(tǒng),由物質(zhì)資源組成。概念系統(tǒng)是使用概念資源——信息和數(shù)據(jù)來闡述實(shí)體系統(tǒng)的系統(tǒng)。舉例說，概念系統(tǒng)就像管理者頭腦中的構(gòu)思、紙上的圖畫或線條、計(jì)算機(jī)存儲(chǔ)器里的電子表格。</p><p>　　計(jì)算機(jī)是一個(gè)實(shí)體系統(tǒng)，他所存儲(chǔ)的數(shù)據(jù)和信息可以

62、看成是概念系統(tǒng)。數(shù)據(jù)和信息代表一個(gè)或多個(gè)實(shí)體系統(tǒng)。數(shù)據(jù)和信息是怎樣存儲(chǔ)的并不重要，重要的是數(shù)據(jù)和信息代表什么。實(shí)體系統(tǒng)因其本身而重要，概念系統(tǒng)是因其闡述的實(shí)體系統(tǒng)而重要。</p><p>　　什么促進(jìn)了終端用戶計(jì)算的發(fā)展</p><p>　　終端用戶計(jì)算因?yàn)?種主要影響而發(fā)展起來.</p><p>　　計(jì)算機(jī)知識(shí)的增長 在本世紀(jì)80年代初期,大學(xué)和大學(xué)預(yù)科的優(yōu)秀計(jì)

63、算機(jī)教育課程開始發(fā)揮作用。管理階層,特別是在較低層次的管理上,開始配備懂得計(jì)算機(jī)知識(shí)的人員。</p><p>　　信息服務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu)的任務(wù)積壓 信息專家一直都有干不完的活，這種情況在80年代早期更加突出，用戶開始要求信息服務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu)提供額外的系統(tǒng)支持。信息服務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu)反應(yīng)遲緩，人物積壓。為此，用戶不得不等上兩三年。</p><p>　　低成本的硬件 在這一時(shí)期，低成本的危機(jī)充斥市場。用戶可以通過

64、電話在當(dāng)?shù)氐挠?jì)算機(jī)商店訂購自己的計(jì)算機(jī)硬件并支付少量現(xiàn)金。</p><p>　　預(yù)先制作的軟件 硬件和軟件公司都在制作執(zhí)行基本會(huì)計(jì)任務(wù)的軟件并為決策提供信息。這種預(yù)先制作的軟件能增強(qiáng)支持和方便使用，使很少有或沒有計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)知識(shí)的公司和個(gè)人用戶能夠運(yùn)行基于計(jì)算機(jī)的信息系統(tǒng)。</p><p>　　這4種影響的結(jié)合帶來了終端用戶計(jì)算的繁榮。</p><p><b&

65、gt;　　系統(tǒng)要素</b></p><p>　　雖然不是所有系統(tǒng)都有同樣的要素組合，但基本結(jié)構(gòu)如圖1.5所示。輸入資源被轉(zhuǎn)化為輸出資源。資源從輸入要素流入，通過轉(zhuǎn)化要素到輸出要素?？刂茩C(jī)制監(jiān)控轉(zhuǎn)化過程，以保證系統(tǒng)實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)?？刂茩C(jī)制通過反饋環(huán)宇系統(tǒng)的資源流相連，反饋環(huán)獲取系統(tǒng)輸出資源的信息后，把它反饋給控制機(jī)制。當(dāng)有必要給便系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行時(shí)，控制機(jī)制將反饋信號(hào)與目標(biāo)、直接信號(hào)與輸入要素進(jìn)行比較。</p&

66、gt;<p>　　用這種結(jié)構(gòu)來解釋一個(gè)加熱系統(tǒng)，則輸入要素代表燃料，如天然氣或煤。燃燒是將燃料轉(zhuǎn)化為熱能即輸出資源的加熱過程，控制機(jī)制使自動(dòng)調(diào)溫器，反饋環(huán)是連接調(diào)溫器和加熱器的線路。該系統(tǒng)的目標(biāo)是達(dá)到鍵入自動(dòng)調(diào)溫器的溫度。</p><p>　　系統(tǒng)要素代表一家生產(chǎn)企業(yè)，則輸入資源就是原材料，生產(chǎn)過程是把它轉(zhuǎn)化為制成品或服務(wù)，控制機(jī)制是企業(yè)的管理，系統(tǒng)目標(biāo)是企業(yè)想要實(shí)現(xiàn)的目標(biāo)，反饋環(huán)來自管理或者是面向