建筑項(xiàng)目招投標(biāo)外文翻譯

1、<p>　　本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯</p><p>　　院 （系）: 建筑工程學(xué)院 </p><p>　　專業(yè)班級(jí) : 工程管理（01） </p><p>　　學(xué)生姓名 : </p><p>　　學(xué) 號(hào) ; 2802080127 &l

2、t;/p><p>　　指導(dǎo)教師 : </p><p>　　完成日期 : 2012年03月25日 </p><p><b>　　要 求</b></p><p>　　1、外文翻譯是畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）的主要內(nèi)容之一，必須學(xué)生獨(dú)立完成。</p><p>　　

3、2、外文翻譯譯文內(nèi)容應(yīng)與學(xué)生的專業(yè)或畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）內(nèi)容相關(guān)，不得少于3000印刷符號(hào)。</p><p>　　3.外文翻譯譯文用A4紙打印。文章標(biāo)題用3號(hào)宋體，章節(jié)標(biāo)題用4號(hào)宋體，正文用小4號(hào)宋體，20磅行距；頁邊距上、下、左、右均為2.5cm，左側(cè)裝訂，裝訂線0.5cm。按中文翻譯在上，外文原文在下的順序裝訂。</p><p>　　4、年月日等的填寫，用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字書寫，要符合《關(guān)于出版物

4、上數(shù)字用法的試行規(guī)定》，如“2012年2月28日”。</p><p>　　Building engineering bidding</p><p>　　Yang Cao a,*, Shuhua Wang b, Heng Li a</p><p>　　aDepartment of Building and Real Estate, Hong Kong Polytech

5、nic University, Hong Kong, China</p><p>　　bState Key Laboratory of Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China</p><p><b>　　Abstract</b></p><p>　

6、　Nowadays in the engineering construction industry, the market which is characteristic for project bidding, has formed. The construction companies,which want to create good benefits, have to control their cost and improv

7、e management to enhance the capacity of adapting and competing in this market. This article focuses on how to decrease cost and increase income so as to control the construction cost effectively. bidding documents should

8、 be well formulated ,which is the improtment to a successful </p><p>　　[key] : bidding drawbacks of unfair competition countermeasures</p><p>　　Bidding is a form of project transactions, proje

9、ct bidding process is to determine the successful bidder and the cost of the process and the price of the project, project bidding work of a very important link, do a good job bidding to determine the price, we can effec

10、tively control construction costs, and create a fair and equitable market environment, create orderly competition mechanism. Bidding in construction activities, construction enterprises in order to tender invincible work

11、s to be succ</p><p>　　Bidding documents is the general programme and play book of the bidding activity through the process of bidding. The bidding documents will specify that How to conduct each bidding work

12、, how to dispatch bidding documents, the requirements for tenderer,how to rate and decide bidding and the procedures of bidding. Therefore, the personnel who is responsible for prepare bidding documents should first have

13、 a general view of the bidding work, include all the requirements and arrangements into the bid</p><p>　　In another respect, bidding documents is also the legal instuments. Besides relevant law and rules, th

14、e bidding documents are the common game rules that bidder,bidding agent and tenderer should subject to through the bidding. Bidding documents are the legal instuments that all the three bidding related parties should sub

15、ject to, have legal force, therefore, the bidding documents -making personnel required to have the awareness and quality of leagal in order to reflect the fair, just and legal re</p><p>　　In building enginee

16、ring bidding law enforcement and the practice of project construction supervision system on standardizing China's construction market, improve the construction quality and played an active role. But in the process of

17、 implementing exist some disadvantages, needs to perfect, enrich and improve. This project bidding documents in accordance with the bidding law of the People's Republic of China for bidders, bidding regulation, enter

18、prise strictly, put forward to bidders profession</p><p>　　Nowadays in the engineering construction industry, the market which is characteristic for project bidding, has formed. The construction companies,wh

19、ich want to create good benefits, have to control their cost and improve management to enhance the capacity of adapting and competing in this market. This article focuses on how to decrease cost and increase income so as

20、 to control the construction cost effectively.</p><p>　　In building engineering bidding law enforcement and the practice of project construction supervision system on standardizing China's construction m

21、arket, improve the construction quality and played an active role. But in the process of implementing exist some disadvantages, needs to perfect, enrich and improve. This project bidding documents in accordance with the

22、bidding law of the People's Republic of China for bidders, bidding regulation, enterprise strictly, put forward to bidders profession</p><p>　　The practice of project bidding purpose is to market competi

23、tion of openness, fairness and justice. However, due to the construction market development is not standard, management system and the experience of inadequate, architectural engineering bidding in concrete operation exi

24、st in ACTS of unfair competition, and some drawbacks. This obviously violate the bidding, the bidding process, and will lose its significance for other bidder fails to bid is unjust, disturbed the bidding (project contra

25、</p><p>　　Construction cost management system, both theoretical discussion, but also need to practice innovation. Under the conditions of market economy, project cost management, competitive and orderly mark

26、et for construction management services platform structures. In such a premise, the original scale and method of valuation is inappropriate, and this needs to be reformed and improved. The spirit of "the government&

27、#39;s macro regulation and control, enterprise autonomy offer, the market will price" princi</p><p>　　Construction process capability, moderate cost, quality is excellent, short duration of construction

28、 enterprises, and this is the ultimate goal tender. I have participated in internships over the course of the project bidding, and completed over part of the calculation of quantities, combined with graduate experience i

29、n the design process, a brief analysis of the mode Quantities Call for Tender</p><p>　　The meaning of risk and risk characteristics of the general construction, the lowest price sealed bidding construction m

30、ethod produces several risks and incentives, according to their characteristics discussed the feasibility of risk control and prevention. Comparison of engineering and engineering security risk management, insurance, sim

31、ilarities and differences between the two projects and benefits; construction project bidding and tendering process characteristics of human behavior is analyze</p><p>　　Construction Cost Management from the

32、 "quantity-one price" plan model to "price of separation volume" model of the market, and gradually establish a market price-based price formation mechanism, the price of the decision in the hands of

33、the parties involved in the market, and ultimately the allocation of resources through the market in order to realize through the market mechanism to decide on project cost. This will standardize the construction market-

34、competitive behavior and the promotion of p</p><p>　　With the construction of in-depth development of the market, the traditional fixed pricing model no longer suited to market-oriented economic development

35、needs. In order to adapt to the current project bidding by the market needs of a project cost, we must work on the existing valuation methods and pricing model for reform, the implementation of projects bill pricing. Eng

36、ineering is a list of pricing model and adapt to the market economy, allowing independent contractor pricing through market co</p><p>　　A healthy bidding system should be in accordance with the "open, f

37、air and justice" and the principle of good faith, and establish a unified, open, competitive and orderly construction market. In view of the current problems existing in the bidding process, adopt regulations, and f

38、ormulate and perfect the institution, strengthening process supervision measures, they can better regulate construction market order, prevent corruption from its source, purify construction market, promote the construct&

39、lt;/p><p>　　References</p><p>　　[1] R.G. Casey, D.R. Ferguson, Intelligent forms processing, IBMSystem Journal 29 (3) (1990) 435– 450.</p><p>　　[2] T. Watanabe, Q. Luo, N. Sugie, Layou

40、t recognition of multikindsof table-form documents, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 17 (4) (1995) 422–445.</p><p>　　[3] J.L. Chen, H.J. Lee, An efficient algorithm for form str

41、uctureExtr ction using strip projection, Pattern Recognition 31 (9)Fig. 9. Table with no obvious separating symbol between records. (1998) 1353– 1368.Y. Cao et al. / Automation in Construction 11 (2002) 573–584 583</p

42、><p>　　[4] L.Y. Tseng, R.C. Chen, Recognition and data extraction of form documents based on three types of line segments, Pattern Recognition 31 (10) (1998) 1525– 1540.</p><p>　　[5] K.C. Fan, J.M

43、. Lu, G.D. Chen, A feature point clustering approach to the recognition of form documents, Pattern Recognition 31 (9) (1998) 1205–1220.</p><p>　　[6] S. Chandran, R. Kasturi, Structure recognition of tabulate

44、d data,Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition, Tsukuba Science City, Jap20– 22, 1993, pp. 516– 519.</p><p>　　[7] K. Itonori, Table structure recognition based on tex

45、tblock arrangement and ruled line position, Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition, Tsukuba Science City, Japan, Oct. 20– 22, 1993, pp. 765– 768.</p><p>　　[8] J.H. S

46、hamilian, H.S. Baird, T.L. Wood, A retargetable table reader, Proceedings of 4th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition, Ulm, Germany, Aug. 18– 20,1997, pp. 158–163.</p><p>　　[9] J.Y.

47、Chiang, S.C. Tue, Y.C. Leu, A new algorithm for line image vectorization, Pattern Recognition 31 (10) (1998) 1541–1549.</p><p><b>　　建筑項(xiàng)目招投標(biāo)</b></p><p>　　楊曹*,王建民,b, 李亨</p><

48、p>　　a建筑部門和房地產(chǎn)、香港理工大學(xué)、香港、中國</p><p>　　b國家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室的小說軟件技術(shù)、南京大學(xué)、南京210093,中國</p><p><b>　　摘要</b></p><p>　　目前在工程建設(shè)項(xiàng)目行業(yè)中，以工程招投標(biāo)為特征的建筑市場已經(jīng)形成，施工企業(yè)為創(chuàng)造良好經(jīng)濟(jì)效益，必須嚴(yán)格控制成本，加強(qiáng)成本控制管理，才能提高市

49、場適應(yīng)能力和競爭力。本文從降低成本、增加收入兩方面闡述對(duì)施工成本的有效控制。投標(biāo)文件的編制是投標(biāo)工作的一個(gè)重要環(huán)節(jié)，直接影響投標(biāo)工作的成敗，投標(biāo)的成敗對(duì)企業(yè)的生存和發(fā)展有著直接的影響，因此要編制出高質(zhì)量的投標(biāo)文件，提高單位的中標(biāo)率，防止無效標(biāo)及廢標(biāo)出現(xiàn)。</p><p>　　【關(guān)鍵詞】： 招投標(biāo) 不正當(dāng)競爭 防范對(duì)策</p><p>　　招標(biāo)投標(biāo)是一種工程交易形式，工程招投標(biāo)的過程就

50、是確定中標(biāo)人和工程價(jià)格的過程，而工程價(jià)格的確定，是工程招投標(biāo)工作中非常重要的一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)，搞好招投標(biāo)工程的價(jià)格確定工作，可以有效地控制工程造價(jià)，創(chuàng)造公平、公正的市場環(huán)境，營造有序競爭的機(jī)制。在建筑工程招標(biāo)投標(biāo)活動(dòng)中，建筑施工企業(yè)要想在投標(biāo)中立于不敗之地，中標(biāo)得到工程，然后又要從承包工程中贏利，就需要綜合考慮各種主觀條件與客觀因素、研究投標(biāo)策略，確定投標(biāo)方法。</p><p>　　投標(biāo)策略包括投標(biāo)策略和作價(jià)技巧。所有的

51、策略和技巧來自承包商的無數(shù)次投標(biāo)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)積累以及對(duì)客觀規(guī)律的認(rèn)識(shí)和對(duì)實(shí)際情況的了解，同時(shí)也與承包商的決策能力和魄力息息相關(guān)。</p><p>　　從招標(biāo)進(jìn)程上講，招標(biāo)文件是招標(biāo)活動(dòng)的總綱和劇本。每項(xiàng)招標(biāo)工作如何開始，如何發(fā)出招標(biāo)文件，對(duì)投標(biāo)人有什么要求，如何評(píng)標(biāo)，如何決標(biāo)，招標(biāo)程序是什么，都在招標(biāo)文件中做出規(guī)定，所以編制招標(biāo)文件的人員首先要對(duì)本次招標(biāo)工作有一個(gè)全局性的認(rèn)識(shí)，把本次招標(biāo)的要求和安排反映到招標(biāo)文件當(dāng)中，

52、在編制當(dāng)中也會(huì)遇到事先沒有想到的問題，那就在編制當(dāng)中逐一解決，編制招標(biāo)文件的過程也是制定招標(biāo)方案的過程。 </p><p>　　從另一個(gè)意義上來講，招標(biāo)文件也是法律文件，除了相關(guān)的法律法規(guī)外，在招標(biāo)的全過程中招標(biāo)人，投標(biāo)人，招標(biāo)代理機(jī)構(gòu)共同遵循的游戲規(guī)則就是招標(biāo)文件，這是參加招標(biāo)工作三方人士必須遵循的法律文件，具有法律效力，所以編制招標(biāo)文件的人員須有法律意識(shí)和素質(zhì)，在招標(biāo)文件中體現(xiàn)出公平、公正、合法的要求。<

53、;/p><p>　　我國建筑工程招投標(biāo)法實(shí)施以及工程施工監(jiān)理制度的實(shí)踐，對(duì)規(guī)范我國建筑市場、提高建筑工程施工質(zhì)量，起到了積極的作用。但是在實(shí)施過程中存在不少缺陷，需要完善、充實(shí)和提高。本工程招標(biāo)文件根據(jù)《中華人民共和國招投標(biāo)法》規(guī)定，對(duì)投標(biāo)人，投標(biāo)企業(yè)進(jìn)行嚴(yán)格把關(guān)，對(duì)競標(biāo)者提出了專業(yè)性的要求，對(duì)工程的概況進(jìn)行了說明。</p><p>　　目前在工程建設(shè)項(xiàng)目行業(yè)中，以工程招投標(biāo)為特征的建筑市場已

54、經(jīng)形成，施工企業(yè)為創(chuàng)造良好經(jīng)濟(jì)效益，必須嚴(yán)格控制成本，加強(qiáng)成本控制管理，才能提高市場適應(yīng)能力和競爭力。本文從降低成本、增加收入兩方面闡述對(duì)施工成本的有效控制。</p><p>　　我國建筑工程招投標(biāo)法實(shí)施以及工程施工監(jiān)理制度的實(shí)踐，對(duì)規(guī)范我國建筑市場、提高建筑工程施工質(zhì)量，起到了積極的作用。但是在實(shí)施過程中存在不少缺陷，需要完善、充實(shí)和提高。本工程招標(biāo)文件根據(jù)《中華人民共和國招投標(biāo)法》規(guī)定，對(duì)投標(biāo)人，投標(biāo)企業(yè)進(jìn)行

55、嚴(yán)格把關(guān)，對(duì)競標(biāo)者提出了專業(yè)性的要求，對(duì)工程的概況進(jìn)行了說明。</p><p>　　實(shí)行工程招投標(biāo)的目的是為了市場競爭的公開、公平、公正。但是，由于建筑市場發(fā)育尚不規(guī)范，管理體制的束縛以及經(jīng)驗(yàn)不足等原因，建筑工程招標(biāo)投標(biāo)在具體操作中還存在不正當(dāng)競爭行為和一些弊端。這顯然違背了招投標(biāo)的目的，整個(gè)招標(biāo)投標(biāo)過程也就失去了意義，對(duì)其他未中標(biāo)的投標(biāo)人來講也是不公正的，擾亂了招投標(biāo)（工程承發(fā)包市場）經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)秩序，對(duì)于這類行為

56、必須予以禁止，只有這樣，才能使建設(shè)工程競爭性交易活動(dòng)依法健康運(yùn)行。因此本課題將結(jié)合本人所學(xué)及社會(huì)實(shí)踐，對(duì)目前的建設(shè)工程招投標(biāo)制度及現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行闡述，并針對(duì)建設(shè)工程招投標(biāo)存在的弊端與不正當(dāng)競爭行為現(xiàn)象及產(chǎn)生原因進(jìn)行分析，最后做出相應(yīng)的防范對(duì)策研究。</p><p>　　造價(jià)管理體系的建設(shè)，既包括理論上的探討，又需要實(shí)踐中的創(chuàng)新。市場經(jīng)濟(jì)條件下的工程造價(jià)管理，要為建筑市場有序競爭搭建管理服務(wù)平臺(tái)。在這樣一個(gè)大前提下，原有

57、的定額和計(jì)價(jià)方法是不適應(yīng)的，這就需要改革和完善。本著“政府宏觀調(diào)控、企業(yè)自主報(bào)價(jià)、市場形成價(jià)格”的原則，來推行實(shí)施工程量清單計(jì)價(jià)規(guī)范。清單計(jì)價(jià)模式下招投標(biāo)活動(dòng)是建立在市場經(jīng)濟(jì)運(yùn)行機(jī)制下，依據(jù)法律程序，以科學(xué)、公正、公開合理的方法確定中標(biāo)人的一種經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)。招投標(biāo)是構(gòu)成招標(biāo)投標(biāo)活動(dòng)中兩個(gè)最基本的環(huán)節(jié)。而招投標(biāo)活動(dòng)，無非是想通過招標(biāo)，選擇一家具有工</p><p>　　工程施工能力、造價(jià)適中、質(zhì)量較優(yōu)、工期較短的施工企

58、業(yè)，這也是進(jìn)行招標(biāo)的最終目的。本人在實(shí)習(xí)過程中曾參與過多個(gè)項(xiàng)目的招投標(biāo)工作，并完成過部分工程量清單的計(jì)算，結(jié)合畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)過程中的體會(huì)，簡要分析一下工程量清單計(jì)價(jià)模式下的招投標(biāo)工作。</p><p>　　從風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的內(nèi)涵和建設(shè)工程一般性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)特點(diǎn)出發(fā)，了建設(shè)工程最低價(jià)格密封招標(biāo)法的幾種風(fēng)險(xiǎn)及其產(chǎn)生的誘因，根據(jù)其特性探討了風(fēng)險(xiǎn)控制與防范的可行性。比較了工程擔(dān)保與工程保險(xiǎn)這兩種工程風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理異同與優(yōu)點(diǎn)；并對(duì)建設(shè)工程招投標(biāo)過程中的

59、投標(biāo)人的行為特征進(jìn)行了分析，揭示投標(biāo)人的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)偏好行為特征隨著外部環(huán)境的改變而變化，當(dāng)違約懲罰較輕時(shí)，投標(biāo)人偏向于追求風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，而隨著違約懲罰標(biāo)準(zhǔn)加大超過某一值后，投標(biāo)人表現(xiàn)出的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)行為改變?yōu)槠蛴谝?guī)避風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，懲罰標(biāo)準(zhǔn)越大投標(biāo)人行為偏向于更加規(guī)避風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，這一結(jié)果對(duì)控制和防范投標(biāo)人的行為風(fēng)險(xiǎn)具有重要的與現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。</p><p>　　工程造價(jià)管理由“量價(jià)合一”的計(jì)劃模式向“量價(jià)分離”的市場模式轉(zhuǎn)變，逐步建立市場形成價(jià)格為主的

60、價(jià)格機(jī)制，把價(jià)格的決定權(quán)交給參與市場的各方，并最終通過市場來配置資源，從而真正實(shí)現(xiàn)通過市場機(jī)制決定工程造價(jià)。這對(duì)規(guī)范建筑市場的競爭行為和促進(jìn)工程招標(biāo)投標(biāo)機(jī)制的創(chuàng)新發(fā)揮重要作用。可以說，實(shí)行工程量清單計(jì)價(jià)是我國工程造價(jià)管理制度的一大進(jìn)步，也是在我國加入WTO后，與全球建筑業(yè)同行競爭的有力工具。</p><p>　　隨著工程建筑市場的深入發(fā)展，傳統(tǒng)的定額計(jì)價(jià)模式已不適應(yīng)市場化經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的需要。為了適應(yīng)目前工程招投標(biāo)由市

61、場形成工程造價(jià)的需要，必須對(duì)現(xiàn)行工程計(jì)價(jià)方法和計(jì)價(jià)模式進(jìn)行改革，實(shí)行工程量清單計(jì)價(jià)。工程量清單計(jì)價(jià)模式是一種與市場經(jīng)濟(jì)相適應(yīng)的、允許承包單位自主報(bào)價(jià)、通過市場競爭確定價(jià)格、與國際慣例接軌的計(jì)價(jià)模式。 隨著工程量清單計(jì)價(jià)模式的推廣，按國際慣例招標(biāo)投標(biāo)勢(shì)在必行。因此“最低合理價(jià)中標(biāo)”是我國今后最主要的評(píng)標(biāo)辦法?，F(xiàn)階段因?qū)嵤┕こ塘壳鍐斡?jì)價(jià)模式而出現(xiàn)的問題主要有，針對(duì)我國現(xiàn)階段《招標(biāo)投標(biāo)法》中規(guī)定的最低合理價(jià)中標(biāo)的原則，多數(shù)承包商尚未建立自己的

62、企業(yè)定額，無法確定企業(yè)的合理成本。本文就是以科學(xué)、快捷的確定“合理成本價(jià)”為研究的關(guān)鍵。 首先從工程成本的基本概念入手，分析了工程量清單計(jì)價(jià)模式下的成本構(gòu)成，為準(zhǔn)確預(yù)測工程成本提供了基礎(chǔ)，綜合考慮了社會(huì)平均成本和企業(yè)個(gè)別成本來進(jìn)行投標(biāo)階段的成本估算。其次通過對(duì)模糊數(shù)學(xué)和指數(shù)平滑技術(shù)的深入分析，通過“貼近度”的概念，合理的將模糊數(shù)學(xué)與指數(shù)平滑技術(shù)結(jié)合起來，構(gòu)建了工程成本模糊預(yù)測技術(shù)的數(shù)學(xué)模型，并根據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)的有關(guān)參考資料和經(jīng)驗(yàn)建立了“框架結(jié)構(gòu)

63、體系”的對(duì)比工程</p><p>　　一個(gè)健康的招投標(biāo)制度應(yīng)該是按照“公開、公正、公平”和誠實(shí)信用的原則，建立起統(tǒng)一、開放、競爭、有序的建筑市場。針對(duì)當(dāng)前招投標(biāo)過程中存在的問題，采取完善法規(guī)、明確職責(zé)、健全機(jī)構(gòu)，強(qiáng)化過程監(jiān)督等措施，才能更好地規(guī)范建筑市場秩序，從源頭上遏止腐敗，凈化建筑市場，促進(jìn)建筑市場秩序逐步走向規(guī)范化，法制化的軌道，不斷提高工程招投標(biāo)工作的質(zhì)量和水平。</p><p>

64、<b>　　參考文獻(xiàn)</b></p><p>　　[1]R.G.凱西,開心的弗格森,智能形式處理,IBM公司系統(tǒng)期刊29(3)(1990)435 - 450</p><p>　　[2],渡邊、蘇榮輝羅:multikinds Sugie,中華民國模式分析和機(jī)器智能17(4)(1995)422-445。</p><p>　　[3]J.L.陳,李,快

65、速、有效雙表格結(jié)構(gòu)提取條投影、模式識(shí)別31日(9)圖9。表之間沒有明顯的分離象征記錄。(1998)- 1422 - 1368年。曹之疾病學(xué)組。/自動(dòng)化在施工11(2002)573-584 583</p><p>　　[4]L.Y.蔡新德、提高鋼筋陳、認(rèn)知和數(shù)據(jù)提取的形式文件基于三種類型的線提取、模式識(shí)別31日(10)(1998)291 - 1540。</p><p>　　[5]名王室G.D

66、.球迷,J.M.陸,姓陳的特征點(diǎn)的聚類</p><p>　　[6]s . Chandran >表結(jié)構(gòu)分析識(shí)別數(shù)據(jù),屆空氣污染控制技術(shù)研討會(huì)論文集文件分析和識(shí)別,探討城市,Jap20科學(xué)等,1993年- 22頁。516 - 519。</p><p>　　[7]的基礎(chǔ)上,表結(jié)構(gòu)識(shí)別文本鎖安排和統(tǒng)治線的位置,交流合作會(huì)議文檔分析和識(shí)別大會(huì),探討科學(xué)城、日本、月20 ~ 22日,1993年,