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1、<p><b>  中文5091字</b></p><p><b>  小型風(fēng)力發(fā)電機入門</b></p><p><b>  歷史 </b></p><p>  在美國相當(dāng)長的時間里,風(fēng)能一直是一個重要的能量來源。機械風(fēng)車是兩個“高科技”的發(fā)明之一(另一個是帶刺的鐵絲網(wǎng)),這促進了我們的西

2、部邊界在18世紀(jì)后期的發(fā)展。自從1860年,超過800萬的機械風(fēng)車已安裝在美國,有些風(fēng)車已運行了超過一百年。早在1920年和1930年,整個中西部地區(qū)一些農(nóng)家已經(jīng)使用200-3000瓦風(fēng)力發(fā)電機來供應(yīng)電燈、收音機和廚房用具等。 </p><p>  在70年代末和80年代初,風(fēng)能作為一種可以解決能源危機的辦法,再次受到關(guān)注。作為用戶和農(nóng)民的期待,小型風(fēng)力發(fā)電機以各種電力生產(chǎn)可再生能源的替代品,成為

3、最符合成本效益的技術(shù),其成本也在減小。在1976-1985年之間,稅收抵免和良好的聯(lián)合條例(PURPA),使人們把4500多個小型、1-25萬千瓦的風(fēng)力系統(tǒng)安裝到個人家庭里。另外1000個風(fēng)力系統(tǒng)在同一時期也被安裝在各種遠程應(yīng)用上。小型風(fēng)力發(fā)電機被安裝在所有的五十個州。然而,沒有一個小型風(fēng)力發(fā)電機組的國有大公司致力于長期的市場發(fā)展,因此,在1985年年底,當(dāng)聯(lián)合政府稅收抵免過期,石油價格下降到10美元每桶的兩個月后,大部分的小型風(fēng)力發(fā)電

4、機組行業(yè)再次消失了。有些公司認為,這幸存的“市場調(diào)節(jié)” ,在生產(chǎn)小型風(fēng)力發(fā)電機組的今天,那些機器是最可靠的,其聲譽是最好的。 </p><p><b>  成本因素 </b></p><p>  在很多方面光伏技術(shù)是一個有吸引力的技術(shù),但成本因素是考慮的問題之一。那些在家庭、事業(yè)、或遠程設(shè)施等方面有需要的用戶,功率超過100-200瓦的小型風(fēng)力發(fā)電機,可能是一個有吸引

5、力的替代方式。舉例來說,在50瓦特規(guī)模水平,某小型風(fēng)力發(fā)電機組的費用約為8.00美元/瓦特,相比約為光伏模塊6.00美元/瓦特。這就是為什么對于很小的負載光伏技術(shù)的費用較低的原因。不過,由于該系統(tǒng)規(guī)模較大,這個“經(jīng)驗規(guī)則”推翻了自己。在300瓦特風(fēng)力發(fā)電機組的成本下跌至2.50美元/瓦特時(1.50美元/瓦特在西南空氣風(fēng)能事件中) ,而光電成本仍然為6.00美元/瓦特 。1500瓦特風(fēng)力系統(tǒng)的成本下降到2.00美元/瓦特,一個10000

6、瓦特的風(fēng)力發(fā)電機的成本(不包括電子產(chǎn)品)下跌至1.50美元/瓦特 。光伏和風(fēng)能在監(jiān)管和控制方面的成本,基本上是相同的。出人意料的是,風(fēng)力發(fā)電機的塔的成本,相當(dāng)于光伏架子和追蹤系統(tǒng)的成本。因為有大量的連接,所以光伏系統(tǒng)的線路接線的成本通常較高。 </p><p>  對于連接到公用電網(wǎng)的用戶,小型風(fēng)力發(fā)電機,通常是最好的“下一步”,畢竟其保護和效率等方面已經(jīng)有所改善。一個典型的家庭每月消耗用電800-2000千瓦時

7、和4-10千瓦風(fēng)力發(fā)電機或光伏系統(tǒng),以滿足家庭需求。在這種情況下,風(fēng)力發(fā)電機已不再昂貴。 </p><p><b>  可靠性 </b></p><p>  在過去,可靠性是小型風(fēng)力發(fā)電機組產(chǎn)品的“要害”。在70年代末,為了提高其可靠性,所以對小型發(fā)電機進行了良好的設(shè)計。今天的產(chǎn)品,在先進的技術(shù)上超過了早先的技術(shù),可靠性也大致增加了。小型發(fā)電機,現(xiàn)在可運作5年或更長時

8、間,甚至在環(huán)境惡劣的地方,也不需要維修或檢查,擔(dān)??墒褂?年。這個系統(tǒng)的可靠性和運行成本與光伏系統(tǒng)是一樣的。 </p><p><b>  風(fēng)能 </b></p><p>  風(fēng)能是地球表面受熱不均勻所產(chǎn)生的太陽能的一種形式。最好的風(fēng)能資源在海岸沿線、山上、北部各州,但是在大多數(shù)地區(qū)都能發(fā)現(xiàn)這種可用的風(fēng)力資源。作為一個動力源,風(fēng)能比太陽能較難預(yù)測,但通常它在一天內(nèi)能供

9、應(yīng)更多的時間。風(fēng)能資源因為受地形及其他因素的影響,使它比太陽能更方便獲得。例如,在丘陵地形,你和你的鄰居,有可能接收到完全相同的太陽能資源。但因為你居住在很好的位置上,是一個能更好的接觸到當(dāng)時風(fēng)向的地方,你就能比你的鄰居接收到更好的風(fēng)能資源,反過來說,如果你的位置是溝壑或背風(fēng)面的山,你的風(fēng)能資源利用就要大大降低。在這種情況下,與太陽能相比,應(yīng)該更周密的考慮風(fēng)能。 </p><p>  風(fēng)能是遵循季節(jié)性模式的,在冬

10、季的月份很高而在夏季的幾個月卻很低。這和太陽能剛剛相反?;谶@個原因,在混合動力系統(tǒng)中風(fēng)能和太陽能系統(tǒng)協(xié)同工作。這些混合的系統(tǒng)為小型風(fēng)能制造商們提供了一個更細分的市場??光伏系統(tǒng),以擴展他們的風(fēng)能系統(tǒng)。 </p><p><b>  風(fēng)力發(fā)電機 </b></p><p>  大部分風(fēng)力發(fā)電機是水平軸螺旋槳式系統(tǒng)。垂直軸系統(tǒng),如S -轉(zhuǎn)子式薩沃紐斯型系統(tǒng),已被證明是很昂

11、貴的。橫向軸風(fēng)力發(fā)電機一般包括一個螺旋槳,一臺發(fā)電機,一個主機和一個尾舵。螺旋槳將獲取的風(fēng)能轉(zhuǎn)換成旋轉(zhuǎn)運動,以驅(qū)動發(fā)電機。螺旋槳通常由兩個或三個葉片組成。由三個葉片組成的系統(tǒng)比兩個葉片的更有效率,運行更平穩(wěn),但他們需要的成本更多。葉片通常是由木料或玻璃纖維制成,因為這些材料中有它需要的結(jié)合強度和柔韌性(他們不干擾電視信號) 。 </p><p>  發(fā)電機通常是為風(fēng)力發(fā)電機組專門設(shè)計的。永磁交流發(fā)電機因為他們無需

12、實地繞組而廣受歡迎。低速直接驅(qū)動發(fā)電機的一個重要特征是系統(tǒng)使用了一般尚未可靠的變速箱或帶。主機是風(fēng)力發(fā)電機的重要結(jié)構(gòu)之一,它包括用來連接旋轉(zhuǎn)(通過這點,可以改變風(fēng)向)的風(fēng)力發(fā)電機和固定接線線路的“滑環(huán)”。尾部排列的轉(zhuǎn)子可以是防護超速的一部分。 </p><p>  風(fēng)力發(fā)電機產(chǎn)品的開發(fā)是很困難的,而且許多早期的系統(tǒng)也不是很可靠。光伏模塊是很可靠的,因為通常它沒有任何運動部件,在以后光伏組件將越來越可靠。在一方面,

13、一個風(fēng)力發(fā)電機必須有運動部件和可靠性,一個機器的特性是由工程和設(shè)計的技術(shù)層次決定的。在另一方面,從一個系統(tǒng)到另外一個系統(tǒng),在可靠性、耐用性和期望壽命等方面上存在很大差異,這給經(jīng)常工作在太陽能組件的經(jīng)銷商和顧客上了一課。 </p><p><b>  塔架 </b></p><p>  一個風(fēng)力發(fā)電機必須能夠高效率地運行。湍流是最接近地面的。此外,風(fēng)速隨高度的增加而增加

14、。經(jīng)驗之談,你應(yīng)該根據(jù)每個風(fēng)力發(fā)電機的特點為風(fēng)力發(fā)電機安裝一個適合的塔架。為了讓風(fēng)輪在地面上較高的風(fēng)速帶中運行,需要用塔架把風(fēng)輪支撐起來。舉例來說,1 250瓦特發(fā)電機往往是被安裝在一個30-50英尺的塔架上,而10千瓦發(fā)電機通常會需要一個80-120英尺的塔架。我們不推薦在人們居住的小型建筑上安裝風(fēng)力發(fā)電機,因為湍流、噪音和振動是一直存在的問題。</p><p>  最便宜的塔架是拉線塔,例如那些常用于無線電的

15、天線。規(guī)模較小的拉線塔往往建造成管狀。自支撐塔架一般建成格子狀或管狀,占用更少的空間,更具有吸引力,但它們也更昂貴。塔架所用材料一般是木桿或鐵管,也可以采用鋼材做成的桁架結(jié)構(gòu)。電話線的連接桿結(jié)構(gòu)也可用于規(guī)模較小的風(fēng)力發(fā)電機。塔架,尤其是拉線塔,可鉸接適當(dāng)?shù)难b備上,用絞車或車輛讓他們傾斜向上或向下。所有地面的工作都要做。一些塔架和發(fā)電機可以由買方很容易地設(shè)置,而有些則是最好交由受過訓(xùn)練的專業(yè)人員做。不論選擇什么樣的塔架,目的是使風(fēng)輪獲得較

16、大風(fēng)速,同時還必須考慮成本。塔架通常是有風(fēng)力發(fā)電機的制造商所提供的,以確保適當(dāng)?shù)倪m應(yīng)性。 </p><p><b>  遠程系統(tǒng)設(shè)備 </b></p><p>  作為遠程系統(tǒng)設(shè)備,系統(tǒng)平衡設(shè)備被小型風(fēng)力發(fā)電機組所使用著。大部分風(fēng)力發(fā)電機組需要對電池充電儲存方面進行設(shè)計,以防止充電過度而造成不必要的損失。目前采用最多的儲能方法是利用蓄電池把電能儲存起來。該調(diào)節(jié)器是專門

17、為特定發(fā)電機設(shè)計的。光伏調(diào)節(jié)器一般不適合小型風(fēng)力發(fā)電機組的使用,因為設(shè)計他們不是來處理和發(fā)現(xiàn)發(fā)電機的電壓和電流的變化的。調(diào)節(jié)器的生產(chǎn)通常與直流源中心有關(guān)系,它也可以作為其它直流源、負載及電池的連接點。光伏系統(tǒng)和風(fēng)能系統(tǒng)的混合動力系統(tǒng)通過把單獨的監(jiān)管機構(gòu)連接到直流源中心,但沒有特別的管制措施。小型風(fēng)力發(fā)電機的一般經(jīng)驗規(guī)則是蓄電池至少應(yīng)為最高可再生能源的充電電流的6倍,包括任何光伏要素。 </p><p><b

18、>  做你自己的公司 </b></p><p>  在1978年,PURPA聯(lián)合條例通過,允許你為你的房子或工作連接一個合適的可再生能源供電的發(fā)電機,以減少你對公用供電的消費。法律同意規(guī)定購買任何額外的電力,在價格上(避免成本) 通常低于電力的零售成本。在約一半的國家有“凈能量計費選項”,小系統(tǒng)是允許運行反向計量的,所以過剩的產(chǎn)量使他們得到足夠的零售費率。由于為保持特殊的手工處理客戶帳戶和凈能源

19、帳單,過高的間接費用其實是沒必要的。這些系統(tǒng)不使用電池。風(fēng)力發(fā)電機組的蓄電是由整流換向逆變器和感應(yīng)發(fā)電機相互協(xié)調(diào)的。然后其電能連接到家庭的機器面板上的專用斷路器上,就像一個大型家電。當(dāng)風(fēng)力發(fā)電機組沒有運行,或者它不夠提供這個屋子所需要的電力時,需要的電力由蓄電池提供。同樣,如果發(fā)電機產(chǎn)生的電能超過了房子的電能消耗,多余的電能就會即刻存到相應(yīng)的地方。實際上,作為一個非常大的電池儲備裝置,蓄電池作為風(fēng)力發(fā)電機組的一個負面的負荷。經(jīng)過2000

20、00000小時的相互運作,我們現(xiàn)在知道小互聯(lián)風(fēng)力發(fā)電機是安全可靠,也不會干預(yù)用戶的任何設(shè)備,其成功地運作也不需要任何特別的安全設(shè)備。 </p><p>  在20世紀(jì)80年代初,到稅收抵免的時候全國各地數(shù)以百計的用戶安裝了4-12千瓦的風(fēng)力發(fā)電機組,現(xiàn)在每月電費為8-30美元 ,而他們的鄰居電費的范圍在100-200美元不等。當(dāng)然這個問題是這些稅收抵免早已遠去的時候,大部分房主并沒有覺得一個合適的風(fēng)力發(fā)電機的成本

21、是昂貴的。舉例來說,10千瓦的發(fā)電機(對家庭用戶來說最常見的配置) ,通常的安裝費用為28000-35000美元。對于那些支付12美分/千瓦小時或更多,平均風(fēng)速每小時10英里或風(fēng)速更高的地區(qū)(能源部2級) ,且有較大的土地使用權(quán)(發(fā)電機大)的用戶來說,一個家用發(fā)電機肯定是值得考慮的。投資回收期一般是8-16年,有些風(fēng)力發(fā)電機是過去30年或更早時間設(shè)計的,所以投入的資金可以收回。 </p><p><b>

22、;  效果 </b></p><p>  一個風(fēng)力發(fā)電機的額定功率不是比較一個產(chǎn)品和下一個產(chǎn)品的好的因素。這是因為制造商可以根據(jù)風(fēng)速來自由選擇發(fā)電機的額定速度。如果額定風(fēng)速不一樣,那么兩個產(chǎn)品相比較是有誤導(dǎo)之嫌的。幸運的是,美國風(fēng)能協(xié)會已經(jīng)通過了一個評價能源生產(chǎn)性能的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方法。遵循AWEA標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的制造商將提供在各年度平均風(fēng)速時每年的能源輸出(AEO)的資料。每年能源輸出的數(shù)據(jù)就像環(huán)保局為你的車估計氣體英

23、里數(shù)一樣,他們讓你公平的比較產(chǎn)品,但他們不告訴你實際你要做些什么(“你們的表現(xiàn)可能有所不同”)。 </p><p>  能源部門已為美國編制了風(fēng)力資源地圖。這些地圖顯示的PC資源意味著平均風(fēng)速可能會在一定幅度內(nèi)浮動。PC越高其資源更好。這種情況可能是因為地形的影響。能源部的地圖顯示開放式的地形相當(dāng)不錯,但在丘陵或山區(qū),他們必須謹慎使用。風(fēng)力資源是指一個標(biāo)準(zhǔn)風(fēng)速傳感器的高度為33英尺( 10米) ,因此你在使用制造

24、商所提供的AEO資料之前,必須通過平均風(fēng)速校準(zhǔn)風(fēng)塔的高度。風(fēng)力發(fā)電機制造商通??梢栽趲缀跞魏蔚攸c為他們的發(fā)電機提供電腦輔助的效果預(yù)測。 </p><p>  作為一個風(fēng)能經(jīng)驗法則,當(dāng)遠程應(yīng)用超過每小時8英里(大部分,但不是全部,第1級和所有其他級)和每小時10英里(第2級或更高)時應(yīng)考慮你的平均風(fēng)速。如果你住在一個不是多丘陵的地區(qū),在你的位置上能源部風(fēng)能資源地圖可以清楚地準(zhǔn)確地計算出預(yù)期的風(fēng)力發(fā)電機的效果。在復(fù)雜

25、地形時,該位置上的判斷也必須用這種效果預(yù)測來調(diào)整平均風(fēng)速。在大多數(shù)情況下,安裝一個小型風(fēng)力發(fā)電機組是沒有必要記錄監(jiān)測到的同一風(fēng)速的。但在某些情況下,它是值得花費300-1000美元并等待一年來做一個風(fēng)力調(diào)查的。制造商和設(shè)備商能夠幫助你理清這些問題。 </p><p>  如何使用風(fēng)力發(fā)電機 </p><p>  安裝一個風(fēng)力發(fā)電機比安裝太陽能電池板復(fù)雜,但他們?nèi)匀皇悄愕哪茉刺娲w系中相對容

26、易弄的。發(fā)電機需要安裝在一個風(fēng)的流量不受阻礙的領(lǐng)域(附近的建筑物,樹木等)。 </p><p>  一些小型發(fā)電機可以安裝在你的房子的頂樓,但發(fā)電機產(chǎn)生的振動可能被轉(zhuǎn)移至建設(shè)的框架。安裝在屋頂?shù)陌l(fā)電機經(jīng)常與橡膠減振裝置配合使用,以減少振動這方面的問題。但是作為一般規(guī)則,在更高的空中你可以讓你的風(fēng)力發(fā)電機組更有效地發(fā)揮,所以拉線塔是推薦的安裝系統(tǒng)。各種各樣的塔的高度和風(fēng)格使得您會找到一個安裝套件,以滿足您的需要。

27、</p><p>  當(dāng)安裝的風(fēng)力發(fā)電機的控制系統(tǒng)和線路時,了解風(fēng)力發(fā)電機和太陽能電池板這兩個的根本性分歧是很重要的: </p><p>  整流器:太陽能電池板能產(chǎn)生電力所需的直流電(DC),并能在沒有造成損害的情況下直接連接到電池存儲機構(gòu)。風(fēng)力發(fā)電機不能產(chǎn)生直流電,所以有被稱為“整流器”的裝置來把發(fā)電機的輸出電流轉(zhuǎn)換成直流。 </p><p>  一些發(fā)電機有一

28、種整流內(nèi)置設(shè)計,盡管在大多數(shù)情況下,被供應(yīng)的整流器是作為一個獨立的組成部分,但它必須安裝在風(fēng)力發(fā)電機和蓄電池之間。整流器是一個完整的風(fēng)力發(fā)電機組的控制單元。 </p><p>  負載轉(zhuǎn)移:太陽能電池板是“被動式”的電力生產(chǎn)者。即使太陽照著,他們也只有當(dāng)需要由電池充電時才產(chǎn)生電力。風(fēng)力發(fā)電機是“積極”的電力生產(chǎn)者。只要有風(fēng),不管電池是否需要充電他們都會產(chǎn)生電流。為了避免破壞風(fēng)力發(fā)電機組,所有的電力生產(chǎn)必須要用某種

29、方式來解決這個問題。 </p><p>  當(dāng)電池系統(tǒng)需要充電時,他們提供電力負載來使風(fēng)力發(fā)電機發(fā)電。如果電池完全充電后,發(fā)電機的產(chǎn)生的電量必須要“轉(zhuǎn)移”到另一種電力負載。 </p><p>  負載分流充電控制器調(diào)節(jié)風(fēng)力發(fā)電機的輸出,所以當(dāng)他們需要時你的電池將充電,當(dāng)這些電池完全充電后,任何由風(fēng)力發(fā)電機所產(chǎn)生的多余電力都會被轉(zhuǎn)移到候補的負載中。 一些風(fēng)力發(fā)電機有充電控制功能,用來轉(zhuǎn)移多余

30、的電流。不過大多數(shù)發(fā)電機系統(tǒng)的充電控制器是一個外部設(shè)備。 </p><p>  Primer on Small Wind Turbines</p><p>  A Little History</p><p>  The wind has been an important source of energy in the U.S. for a long time.

31、The mechanical windmill was one of the two "high-technology" inventions (the other was barbed wire) of the late 1800's that allowed us to develop much of our western frontier. Over 8 million mechanical wind

32、mills have been installed in the US since the 1860's and some of these units have been in operation for more than a hundred years. Back in the 1920's and 1930's, before the REA began subsidizing rural electri

33、c coops a</p><p>  In the late 1970's and early 1980's intense interest was once again focused on wind energy as a possible solution to the energy crisis. As homeowners and farmers looked to various

34、electricity producing renewable energy alternatives, small wind turbines emerged as the most cost effective technology capable of reducing their utility bills. Tax credits and favorable federal regulations (PURPA) made i

35、t possible for over 4,500 small, 1-25 kW, utility-intertied wind systems to be installed at individu</p><p>  The Cost Factor</p><p>  Photovoltaics is an attractive technology in many ways, but

36、 cost is not one of them. Small wind turbines can be an attractive alternative, or addition, to those people needing more than 100-200 watts of power for their home, business, or remote facility. Unlike PV's, which s

37、tay at basically the same cost per watt independent of array size, wind turbines get less expensive with increasing system size. At the 50 watt size level, for example, a small wind turbine would cost about $8.00/watt co

38、mpare</p><p>  For homeowners connected to the utility grid, small wind turbines are usually the best "next step" after all the conservation and efficiency improvements have been made. A typical ho

39、me consumes between 800-2,000 kWh of electricity per month and a 4-10 kW wind turbine or PV system is about the right size to meet this demand. At this size wind turbines are much less expensive.</p><p>  Re

40、liability</p><p>  In the past reliability was the "Achilles Heel" of small wind turbine products. Small turbines designed in the late 1970's had a well deserved reputation for not being very r

41、eliable. Today's products, however, are technically advanced over these earlier units and they are substantially more reliable. Small turbines are now available that can operate 5 years or more, even at harsh sites,

42、without need for maintenance or inspections and 5-year warranties are available. The reliability and cost of o</p><p>  Wind Energy</p><p>  Wind energy is a form of solar energy produced by une

43、ven heating of the Earth's surface. Wind resources are best along coastlines, on hills, and in the northern states, but usable wind resources can be found in most areas. As a power source wind energy is less predicta

44、ble than solar energy, but it is also typically available for more hours in a given day. Wind resources are influenced by terrain and other factors that make it much more site specific than solar energy. In hilly terrain

45、, for examp</p><p>  Wind energy follows seasonal patterns that provide the best performance in the winter months and the lowest performance in the summer months. This is just the opposite of solar energy. F

46、or this reason wind and solar systems work well together in hybrid systems. These hybrid systems provide a more consistent year-round output than either wind-only or PV-only systems. One of the most active market segment

47、s for small wind turbine manufacturers is PV-only system owners who are expanding their system</p><p>  Wind Turbines</p><p>  Most wind turbines are horizontal-axis propeller type systems. Vert

48、ical-axis systems, such as the eggbeater like Darrieus and S-rotor type Savonius type systems, have proven to be more expensive. A horizontal-axis wind turbine consists of a rotor, a generator, a mainframe, and, usually,

49、 a tail. The rotor captures the kinetic energy of the wind and converts it into rotary motion to drive the generator. The rotor usually consists of two or three blades. A three blade unit can be a little more effi</p&

50、gt;<p>  The generator is usually specifically designed for the wind turbine. Permanent magnet alternators are popular because they eliminate the need for field windings. A low speed direct drive generator is an i

51、mportant feature because systems that use gearboxes or belts have generally not been reliable. The mainframe is the structural backbone of the wind turbine and it includes the "slip-rings" that connect the rota

52、ting (as it points itself into changing wind directions) wind turbine and the fixed to</p><p>  A wind turbine is a deceptively difficult product to develop and many of the early units were not very reliable

53、. A PV module is inherently reliable because it has no moving parts and, in general, one PV module is as reliable as the next. A wind turbine, on the other hand, must have moving parts and the reliability of a specific m

54、achine is determined by the level of skill used in its engineering and design. In other words, there can be a big difference in reliability, ruggedness, and life expecta</p><p><b>  Towers</b><

55、;/p><p>  A wind turbine must have a clear shot at the wind to perform efficiently. Turbulence, which both reduces performance and "works" the turbine harder than smooth air, is highest close to the g

56、round and diminishes with height. Also, wind speed increases with height above the ground. As a general rule of thumb, you should install a wind turbine on a tower such that it is at least 30 ft above any obstacles withi

57、n 300 ft. Smaller turbines typically go on shorter towers than larger turbines. A 250 watt</p><p>  The least expensive tower type is the guyed-lattice tower, such as those commonly used for ham radio antenn

58、as. Smaller guyed towers are sometimes constructed with tubular sections or pipe. Self-supporting towers, either lattice or tubular in construction, take up less room and are more attractive but they are also more expens

59、ive. Telephone poles can be used for smaller wind turbines. Towers, particularly guyed towers, can be hinged at their base and suitably equipped to allow them to be tilted u</p><p>  Remote Systems Equipment

60、</p><p>  The balance-of-systems equipment used with a small wind turbine in a remote application is essentially the same as used with a PV system. Most wind turbines designed for battery charging come with

61、a regulator to prevent overcharge. The regulator is specifically designed to work with that particular turbine. PV regulators are generally not suitable for use with a small wind turbine because they are not designed to

62、handle the voltage and current variations found with turbines. The output from the </p><p>  Being Your Own Utility Company</p><p>  The federal PURPA regulations passed in 1978 allow you to int

63、erconnect a suitable renewable energy powered generator to your house or business to reduce your consumption of utility supplied electricity. This same law requires utilities to purchase any excess electricity production

64、 at a price (avoided cost) usually below the retail cost of electricity. In about a half-dozen states with "net energy billing options" small systems are allowed to run the meter backwards, so they get the full

65、 retail r</p><p>  Hundreds of homeowners around the country who installed 4-12 kW wind turbines during the go-go tax credit days in the early 1980's now have everything paid for and enjoy monthly electr

66、ical bills of $8-30, while their neighbors have bills in the range of $100-200 per month. The problem, of course, is that these tax credits are long gone and without them most homeowners will find the cost of a suitable

67、wind generator prohibitively expensive. A 10 kW turbine (the most common size for homes), for ex</p><p>  Performance</p><p>  The rated power for a wind turbine is not a good basis for comparin

68、g one product to the next. This is because manufacturers are free to pick the wind speed at which they rate their turbines. If the rated wind speeds are not the same then comparing the two products is very misleading. Fo

69、rtunately, the American Wind Energy Association has adopted a standard method of rating energy production performance. Manufacturers who follow the AWEA standard will give information on the Annual Energy Output (</p&

70、gt;<p>  Wind resource maps for the US have been compiled by the Department of Energy. These maps show the resource by "Power Classes" that mean the average wind speed will probably be within a certain b

71、and. The higher the Power Class the better the resource. We say probably because of the terrain effects mentioned earlier. On open terrain the DOE maps are quite good, but in hilly or mountainous terrain they must be use

72、d with great caution. The wind resource is defined for a standard wind sensor height o</p><p>  As a rule of thumb wind energy should be considered if your average wind speed is above 8 mph (most, but not al

73、l, Class 1 and all other Classes) for a remote application and 10 mph (Class 2 or better) for a utility-interited application. If you live in an area that is not too hilly then the DOE wind resource map can be used to fa

74、irly accurately calculate the expected performance of a wind turbine at your site. In complex terrain a judgment on the site's exposure must be made to adjust the averag</p><p>  How Wind Turbines are Us

75、ed</p><p>  Installing a wind turbine is a bit more involved than installing solar panels, but they are still relatively easy to incorporate into your alternative energy system. The turbine needs to be mount

76、ed in an area free from obstructions to wind flow (nearby buildings, trees, etc.).</p><p>  Some smaller turbines can be mounted to the rooftop of your house, but vibrations from the turbine may be transferr

77、ed to the frame of the building. Rooftop turbine mounts often come with rubber vibration dampers to minimize this problem. As a general rule however, the higher in the air you can get your wind turbine the more effective

78、 it will be, so independent, guyed towers are the recommended mounting system. The wide variety of available tower heights and styles makes it much more likely you w</p><p>  When installing the controls and

79、 wiring of a wind generator, it is important to understand two fundamental differences between wind turbines and solar panels:</p><p>  Current Rectifiers: Solar panels produce direct current (DC) electricit

80、y required by power storage batteries, and can be connected directly to the battery bank without causing harm. Wind generators do not produce DC electricity, so a device called a "rectifier" is used to convert

81、the turbine's output current to DC.</p><p>  Some turbines have a rectifier built in. In most cases though, the rectifier is supplied as a separate component that must be installed between the wind turbi

82、ne and the battery. Often, the rectifier is combined with a charge controller into one complete wind turbine control unit.</p><p>  Load Diversion: Solar panels are "passive" electricity producers.

83、 Even though the sun is shining, they only produce electricity when a charge is needed by the battery. Wind generators are "active" electricity producers. If the wind is blowing, they will produce current wheth

84、er the battery bank needs the charge or not. In order to prevent damage to the wind turbine, all of the electricity it produces must be "used" in.</p><p>  When the system batteries need charging c

85、urrent, they provide an electrical load to use the wind turbine's electricity. If the batteries are fully charged, the turbine's output must be "diverted" to another electrical load.</p><p>

86、;  A load diverting charge controller regulates wind generator output so your batteries receive charging current when they need it, and any excess electricity generated by the wind turbine is diverted to an alternate loa

87、d when the batteries are fully charged.Some wind turbines have charge control features built-in, diverting their own excess current and allowing it to dissipate as heat through the wind turbine housing. In most turbine s

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