外文翻譯--復(fù)式少耕整地技術(shù)的發(fā)展與新機(jī)具

1、<p><b>　　附錄</b></p><p>　　Compound reduced tillage soil preparation technology </p><p>　　of development and new machines</p><p>　　Abstract: sustainable development a

2、nd conservation tillage is the primary content of farming machinery development. Agricultural machinery has achieved seriation, standardization and socialization of production levels, and the machine, electricity, liquid

3、, automation and positioning and other high and new technology applied in the farming machinery. Tillage machinery also got great progress, double joint reduced tillage soil preparation technology is the future developme

4、nt trend of agricultural </p><p>　　Key words: compound reduced tillage soil preparation machine; Tillage machinery; Disc harrow.</p><p>　　In recent years, the agriculture is faced with energy cr

5、isis, waste of resources, population increase, arable land decrease, soil fertility decline, the rise in the cost of ecological imbalance, environment pollution and the grim situation, all countries in the world in the c

6、orresponding countermeasures and agricultural development strategy, put forward the agricultural sustainable development is given priority to with deep loosening body of conservation tillage technology such as no-till le

7、ss. </p><p>　　Traditional tools based on constant innovation in structure: to increase the furrow plough the soil properties, continuation to huasheng body; Prior to plough devices with small plough or coult

8、er, reduce machine work resistance; With the hydraulic oil cylinder tillage amplitude adjustment and suspension frame transverse position, in order to increase its adaptability; After a plough body can be folded upwards

9、to reduced tillage, flip agencies add pin set device; Deep furrow plough and loose on t</p><p>　　National large and medium-sized tractors became more perfect, has increased year by year. Huasheng plow, disc

10、harrow, and deep loosening machine towards traditional tools such as product with 147 kw or more large and medium-sized tractors with increase direction, perfect structure and function.</p><p>　　Plowing mach

11、inery to adapt to various soil conditions, and to meet the needs of different farming system development, thus must continually develop new working parts. Study: big company attaches great importance to working parts in

12、the furrow plough on before using various types of plow body surface and small plough; On disc harrow adopts various curvature radius, diameter and shape on the disc harrow piece; Driven tillage and soil preparation mach

13、ine is a wide variety of working parts. On the s</p><p>　　With the research and production of farming machinery, rate of tractor is widely used, especially the difference led to tillage machinery development

14、 to the direction of more varieties and series, wide, high speed and high efficient low consumption direction development, to the electronic monitoring, hydraulic pressure and high and new technology such as modularized

15、design direction. With matching plow land preparation, therefore, mechanical products, also continues to broaden the scope of form </p><p>　　Because driven machines and make full use of the tractor power, ca

16、n control effect on soil strength, can satisfy various work requirements, the company has attached great importance to driven the soil preparation machine product development and production. At present, the existing rota

17、ry plough, power shovel, rotary cultivator and power harrow tillage soil preparation machine use more power output shaft of the tractor, through mechanical transmission drivers working parts. At the same time, also</p

18、><p>　　No-till deep loosening technique has reduced machine off the machine working resistance and improve working efficiency and reduce the work intensity of the soil characteristics, the formation of the actu

19、al situation, using a combination of arable layer soil structure. Imaginary part of the aerobic bacteria thrive, provide sufficient nutrients for crops, beneficial to crop growth, the ground water is large by virtual par

20、t will infiltrate into underground water points on the surface of the earth, </p><p>　　at present, the research and production, from the structure can be divided into the close combination of rig and combina

21、tion joint rig: tight tight type joint rig is the organic combination of the operational functions, reasonable configuration, according to the whole machine is one of the forms to form an independent complete machine typ

22、e, its unit design is reasonable, compact structure, reasonable and tractor kit, is advantageous to the tractor mounted homework; Combination type joint rig is </p><p>　　Liquid mechanical and electrical inte

23、gration technology will be widely used on all kinds of farm machines and tools, such as according to soil conditions automatically adjust the machine parameters and operating status, change the machine's overall size

24、, and drives the working parts and so on, will be more use of hydraulic components. Application of electronic technology to control tillage soil preparation machinery operating depth, smoothness, monitoring seeding, fert

25、ilizing mechanical seed and</p><p><b>　　譯文</b></p><p>　　復(fù)式少耕整地技術(shù)的發(fā)展與新機(jī)具</p><p>　　摘要:可持續(xù)發(fā)展和保護(hù)性耕作是耕作機(jī)械發(fā)展的首要內(nèi)容。農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械已經(jīng)達(dá)到了系列化、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化和社會(huì)化生產(chǎn)的水平,并將機(jī)、電、液、自動(dòng)化及衛(wèi)星定位等高新科技應(yīng)用于耕作機(jī)械。耕作機(jī)械也得

26、到了長(zhǎng)足發(fā)展, 復(fù)式少耕聯(lián)合整地技術(shù)是未來(lái)農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械的發(fā)展趨勢(shì),具有保護(hù)土壤、保持生態(tài)環(huán)境和符合保護(hù)性耕作農(nóng)藝要求的復(fù)式、少耕、聯(lián)合耕整地機(jī)具在農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)中將發(fā)揮重要作用。 </p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞: 復(fù)式少耕整地機(jī)；耕作機(jī)械；圓盤(pán)耙；</p><p>　　近年來(lái),在農(nóng)業(yè)面臨能源危機(jī)、資源浪費(fèi)、人口增加、耕地減少、地力下降、生態(tài)失調(diào)、環(huán)境污染和成本提高的嚴(yán)峻形勢(shì)下,世界各國(guó)都在研究相應(yīng)的對(duì)

27、策和農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略,提出了農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的以深松為主體的少免耕等保護(hù)性耕作技術(shù)。在所有對(duì)策中,都把耕作機(jī)械的發(fā)展方向作為戰(zhàn)略重點(diǎn)。西方發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家早在20世紀(jì) 70年代就開(kāi)始研制和推廣適應(yīng)高產(chǎn)農(nóng)藝要求的新型農(nóng)機(jī)具,研究開(kāi)發(fā)節(jié)本增效、保持生態(tài)環(huán)境和保護(hù)耕法的作業(yè)技術(shù)及配套機(jī)具。</p><p>　　傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)具在結(jié)構(gòu)上不斷創(chuàng)新:為增加鏵式犁的翻土性能,將鏵體延拓；在犁體前加小前犁或前犁刀,減少整機(jī)作業(yè)阻力；用液壓油缸調(diào)節(jié)耕幅

28、及懸掛架橫向位置, 以增加其適應(yīng)性；后一犁體可向上折疊以減少耕幅,翻轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)構(gòu)加銷(xiāo)定裝置；鏵式犁和深松機(jī)上裝有各種形式的安全裝置；圓盤(pán)耙偏角的調(diào)節(jié) 和兩翼機(jī)架的折疊用液壓油缸控制,一些圓盤(pán)耙產(chǎn)品設(shè)有側(cè)向運(yùn)輸裝置；將深松技術(shù)和耕翻技術(shù)有機(jī)結(jié)合, 使上層20cm內(nèi)的土壤上下翻轉(zhuǎn),下層20-35cm進(jìn)行間隔深松；為了提高松土性能,在深松柄上增加一層或兩層翼鏟,使土壤形成了上層細(xì)碎,下層虛實(shí)相間,為作物的生長(zhǎng)提供了良好的土壤條件,有利于作物生長(zhǎng)。&

29、lt;/p><p>　　世界各國(guó)大中型拖拉機(jī)的功能日趨完善,保有量逐年增加。鏵式犁、圓盤(pán)耙和深松機(jī)等傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)具產(chǎn)品朝著與147kW以上的大中型拖拉機(jī)配套、結(jié)構(gòu)完善和功能 增加方向發(fā)展。</p><p>　　耕整機(jī)械既要適應(yīng)各種土壤條件,又要滿足不同耕作制度發(fā)展的需求,因此必需不斷地開(kāi)發(fā)新的工作部件。大公司十分重視工作部件的研究: 在鏵式犁上采用各種類(lèi)型曲面的犁體及小前犁；圓盤(pán)耙上采用各種曲率半徑

30、、不同直徑和刃口形狀的圓盤(pán)耙片；驅(qū)動(dòng)型耕和整地機(jī)具的工作部件更是種類(lèi)繁多。在同一機(jī)具上,通過(guò)更換部件來(lái)適應(yīng)變化的工作條件,既擴(kuò)大了產(chǎn)品的功能,增強(qiáng)了整機(jī)的地區(qū)適應(yīng)性,又減少了使用者的購(gòu)機(jī)投入。其工作部件已經(jīng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化、系列化和批量化生產(chǎn)。</p><p>　　隨著耕作機(jī)械的研究和生產(chǎn),特別是大功率拖拉機(jī)的廣泛應(yīng)用,帶動(dòng)了耕作機(jī)械向多品種和系列化方向發(fā)展,向?qū)挿?、高速和高效低耗方向發(fā)展,向電子監(jiān)控、液壓及模塊化設(shè)計(jì)等高

31、新技術(shù)方向發(fā)展。因此,與其配套的耕整地機(jī)械產(chǎn)品也在不斷拓寬與拖拉機(jī)的配套范圍,盡可能減少部件種類(lèi)和結(jié)構(gòu)型式,通過(guò)提高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化、系列化和通用化的程度來(lái)滿足市場(chǎng)需求。</p><p>　　由于驅(qū)動(dòng)型機(jī)具充分利用拖拉機(jī)功率,能控制對(duì)土壤的作用強(qiáng)度,可滿足多種耕作要求,公司都十分重視驅(qū)動(dòng)型整地機(jī)具產(chǎn)品的開(kāi)發(fā)與生產(chǎn)。目前,已有旋轉(zhuǎn)犁、動(dòng)力鍬、旋耕機(jī)和動(dòng)力耙等多種耕整地機(jī)具利用拖拉機(jī)的動(dòng)力輸出軸,通過(guò)機(jī)械傳 動(dòng)驅(qū)動(dòng)工作部件。同

32、時(shí),還研究生產(chǎn)了由拖拉機(jī)動(dòng)力輸出帶動(dòng)液壓系統(tǒng),再由液壓馬達(dá)來(lái)驅(qū)動(dòng)工作部件的新型耕整地機(jī)具。現(xiàn)有的驅(qū)動(dòng)型耕整地機(jī)具主要有旋耕機(jī)和滅茬機(jī)等產(chǎn)品, 均由拖拉機(jī)動(dòng)力輸出軸提供動(dòng)力,帶動(dòng)回轉(zhuǎn)工作部件完成機(jī)具作業(yè)。</p><p>　　少耕深松技術(shù)具有減少機(jī)具的工作阻力、提高拖拉機(jī)作業(yè)效率和減輕對(duì)土壤的工作強(qiáng)度等特點(diǎn),形成虛實(shí)相間、用養(yǎng)相結(jié)合的土壤耕層構(gòu)造。虛的部分有利于好氣性細(xì)菌繁殖,為作物提供充足的養(yǎng)分,有利于作物生長(zhǎng),

33、地上水較多時(shí)通過(guò)虛的部分將地表的水分滲入地下, 實(shí)的部分有利于閑氣性細(xì)菌生長(zhǎng),保持土壤中的養(yǎng)分。干旱時(shí),通 過(guò)實(shí)部分土壤毛細(xì)血管的作用,將地下水吸上地表,供給作物水分 實(shí)現(xiàn)了用地與養(yǎng)地相結(jié)合。因此,以少耕、深松代替犁耕的保護(hù)性耕作技術(shù)在許多國(guó)家得到了大面積推廣應(yīng)用,為保護(hù)性耕作的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)一。為適應(yīng)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的需求,公司十分注重對(duì)深松工作部件和機(jī)具的研制。為改善作業(yè)質(zhì)量和降低阻力,研制出了多種形式的桿尺式深松鏟。在深松機(jī)具總體結(jié)構(gòu)上也不斷創(chuàng)

34、新,同時(shí)大力發(fā)展深松聯(lián)合作業(yè)機(jī)具。</p><p>　　目前,國(guó)內(nèi)外研究和生產(chǎn)的聯(lián)合作業(yè)機(jī),從結(jié)構(gòu)上可分為緊密型聯(lián)合作業(yè)機(jī)和組合型聯(lián)合作業(yè)機(jī):緊密型聯(lián)合作業(yè)機(jī)是將其作業(yè)功能進(jìn)行有機(jī)結(jié)合,按整機(jī)一體的形式進(jìn)行合理配置,形成一個(gè)獨(dú)立完整的機(jī)型,其機(jī)組設(shè)計(jì)合理、結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊、與拖拉機(jī)配套合理,有利于拖拉機(jī)懸掛作業(yè)；將各自獨(dú)立的機(jī)具構(gòu)成聯(lián)合作業(yè)機(jī)具。作 業(yè)時(shí), 根據(jù)不同的耕作制度、不同的土壤條件和農(nóng)藝要求,合理組配,形成不同

35、形式的作業(yè)功能,可提高機(jī)具利用率50%以上。因此,組合型聯(lián)合作業(yè)機(jī)是近年來(lái)國(guó)外聯(lián)合作業(yè)機(jī)具發(fā)展的方向,主要作業(yè)機(jī)具有:耕整地聯(lián)合作業(yè)機(jī)具、深松整地聯(lián)合作業(yè)機(jī)具、深松耙茬聯(lián)合作業(yè)機(jī)和耕整施肥播種聯(lián)合作業(yè)機(jī)具等。隨著我國(guó)大功率拖拉機(jī)保有量逐年增加,對(duì)聯(lián)合作業(yè)機(jī)具的需求也將加大。因此,既要研制多種工作部件 組合的聯(lián)合作業(yè)機(jī)具, 也要研制可分可合的組配式聯(lián)合作業(yè)機(jī)具。</p><p>　　機(jī)電液一體化技術(shù)將在各種耕種機(jī)具