外文翻譯--基于電力載波技術的智能化照明和空調(diào)控制系統(tǒng)的設計

1、<p><b>　　附錄（英文原文）：</b></p><p>　　Intelligent Control via Power-line Carrier for Illumination and Air Condition in Buildings</p><p>　　I. INTRODUCTION </p><p>　　In re

2、cent years, as social economy grows and people’s living standard improves, requirements of commercial electricity and residential electricity have been increasing substantially. To meet electricity demands of users, it

3、is necessary for electric power enterprises to develop power supply with new power plant constructions or extensions and PTD (power transmission and distribution) equipments. </p><p>　　However, because of th

4、e limited petroleum energy, its price fluctuates greatly; In Chinese Taiwan, due to people’s environmental awareness and resistance, exploitation of energy resources and electric power construction are confronted with gr

5、eat difficulties in that it is the unshirkable responsibility for everyone to save energy. The proper electric power utilization will lead to increases of power consumption that exceeds contract capacity and e

6、lectric charge. Efficient use of energ</p><p>　　Therefore, to achieve energy saving goals, we can improve the residential and commercial building equipment at the beginning. Although the government has contr

7、olled the power use of the new building, in Taiwan there are still more than 94% old buildings which did not consider the energy-saving. This paper aims to succeed in that the advanced metering infrastructure optimizes l

8、oad operation with power line carrier and achieves the load management. Two subsystems of the hardware are composed of a </p><p>　　The master module consists of a signal transform circuit, an AVR microproces

9、sor, a keyboard decode circuit, a LCD circuit, and a power line carrier circuit, which has functions of local and remote monitoring . Control modules are classified into 2 categories- air conditioning control module and

10、illumination control module. Each control module consists of a signal transform circuit, an AVR microprocessor, a keyboard circuit, a LCD circuit, and a power line carrier circuit, which has the functions</p><

11、p>　　These modules realize communications via power lines . The distributed management is adopted to allocate information resources to every module. The distributed form is also applied to the information system develo

12、pment and data store. Its main advantage is that it can satisfy the information needs of each module and meet the demand that each module controls information resource. With convenience for use and maintenance, it has th

13、e biggest difference from centralization that if a module is down, </p><p>　　II. METHODOLOGY </p><p>　　A. Load Management Plan </p><p>　　This paper makes use of distributed control

14、 model to serve the purposes of humanity and load control. Depending on highly automatic operation, it will take proper actions according to real-time and accurate data to reduce labor cost and electricity expenditure,

15、and improve power efficiency. This system includes a master module and multiple control modules, show as Fig. 1. The master module monitors the users’ practical electric power utilization, and transmits signal to control

16、 modules. The con</p><p>　　Considering that users know little about the service condition of electric power, this paper will develop a system that is suitable for ordinary people to operate and there will be

17、 a LCD screen for observing the service condition of electric power. Therefore, users can know their electric power quality or change the schedule of electric power utilization accordingly. </p><p>　　The m

18、aster module, a digital meter, is used to measure the parameters including the effective values of voltage and current, total power, total reactive power, etc. </p><p>　　The module has external communication

19、 interface, which can transfer data via power line carrier, thus, wherever the control modules of the building are, once the LAN is connected, any load can be remotely monitored and controlled. </p><p>　　Co

20、ntrol modules are open, which receive service condition of electric power and properly controls the equipments. The working conditions of equipments are considered as judgments of control. Control modules can be divided

21、into air conditioning control and illumination control on the basis of load characteristic. This paper controls large loads in family including air conditioners and lighting equipments. Air conditioner adopts infrared ra

22、ys to exercise air conditioning control, while lighting eq</p><p>　　B. Hardware System </p><p>　　See Fig. 1 for hardware framework. The system of this plan includes 3 subsystems, namely master m

23、odule, air conditioning control module and illumination control module. The master module can measure the real-time states, including the voltage, the current, the real power, and the reactive power, etc., which will be

24、 revealed on LCD screen. The measured data can be transmitted to control modules for further handling via power line, and the control modules can control loads based on the received d</p><p>　　Air conditioni

25、ng control module consists of a signal transform circuit, AVR microprocessor can process the commands of keyboard, generate control commands according to master module, output results to LCD and drive infrared rays contr

26、ol circuit. The keyboard circuit can command AVR to reveal different parameters, or instruct AVR to take action to infrared rays control circuit. The LCD circuit can display operation states. Infrared rays control circui

27、t may control switch and temperature regulatio</p><p>　　The contents of illumination control module are similar to those of air conditioning control module and only power control circuit, which controls swit

28、ch of load according to commands, replaces infrared rays control circuit. This paper considers lighting equipments as the controlled entity of illumination control module.microprocessor, a keyboard circuit, a LCD circui

29、t; infrared rays control circuit and a power line carrier circuit. </p><p>　　B.1 AVR microprocessor </p><p>　　This plan takes AVR chip microcontroller as STK128 development board (ATmega128).

30、See Fig.2. The AVR single chip, developed by ATMEL Company, is the high-speed 8-bit single chip with enhanced CPU (Reduced Instruction Set CPU, RISC) with built-in flash. AVR single chip is widely applied in instruments

31、 and meters, communication equipments, home appliances and so on. It mainly features AVR 8-bit microcontroller of high performance and low power consumption, and advanced RISC framework. When 16 M</p><p>　

32、　It has two independent prescalers and 8-bit timer/counter with function of comparator, two 16-bit timers/counters with functions of prescaler, comparing and capturing, real-time timer with independent prescaler, 8 ro

33、utes and 10-bit ADC, 8 single channels, 7 difference channels, two programmable serial USART and so on. I/O and encapsulation have 53 programmable I/O,working voltage of 4.5-5.5V,and frequency range of 0-16MHz. In concl

34、usion, ATmega128 is an 8-bitmicroprocessor with low power con</p><p>　　B. 2 Power Line Carrier Circuit. </p><p>　　This circuit adopts data transmission module of power line carrier(CZ-03) made

35、by Caizhi Technology. CZ-03 is a power line carrier module of low cost and high performance. It integrates all carrier transceiver circuits that it can form a complete power carrier application system when the assorted

36、 coupling coil is connected and the high-voltage capacity is isolated, and it transmits signal by distribution network of end pressure on electrical cable. After the signal is modulated, it will be se</p><p>

37、;　　The required communication function will be carried out under mains voltage of 110/220V and frequency range of 50~60Hz. And carrier module’s protocols between other applications don’t need to be set specially because

38、it can work independently. Power line carrier module is the entity and hardware communication equipment. When multiple power line carrier modules on power line transmission network are needed to be connected, the ID

39、of every data equipment should be added to transmitial data pac</p><p>　　In other words, when the data is transmitted, the transmission protocol is supposed to be defined according to communication data, su

40、ch as setting the equipment ID, data confirmation and time-out, and so on. This module is widely applied in many application areas, such as equipments of system monitoring and controlling and other data communication.

41、All can consider power line as transmission medium, such as home automation, lighting control, HVAC control, low-speed data network, automatic me</p><p>　?、?CONCLUSION </p><p>　　This system has

42、 one master module and two control modules. The master module can detect local voltage, current, active power, reactive power, apparent power and so on. The computed result will be displayed on the LCD screen to upgrade

43、the AVR application with respect to digital meter. The digital meter contains signal transform circuit, microprocessor, keyboard circuit, LCD circuit, power control circuit, power line carrier circuit and so on. Control

44、module can automatically and manually control</p><p>　　This system has following features: </p><p>　　(a) The communication between these modules is accomplished with power lines. It doesn’t nee

45、d any additional communication wire or alteration for the circuit structure of loads </p><p>　　(b)The distributed management is used in this system. If a certain module is down, the else parts can still run

46、 their works and avoid the whole system coming to a stop. </p><p>　　(c)The control modules not only can manually control loads, but also can automatically control objects according to the load flow. </p&

47、gt;<p>　　(d)A friendly man-machine interface will be developed in this system, the concept and application of the load management will be more popularly for common users. </p><p>　　(e)This system is

48、expected to optimize the load operation and achieve the aim of load management. </p><p>　　In brief, this paper completes load management system with microprocessor and power line carrier. It is estimated t

49、o achieve the purposes of saving power, reducing electric charge, prolonging service life of equipments, improving electric power quality and so on. </p><p><b>　　中文翻譯：</b></p><p>　

50、　基于電力載波技術的智能化照明和空調(diào)控制系統(tǒng)的設計</p><p><b>　　一 簡 介</b></p><p>　　近年來,隨著社會經(jīng)濟的增長和人民生活水平的不斷提高,商業(yè)用電和居民用電的需求有大幅增加。為了滿足用戶用電需求,（電力企業(yè)來開發(fā)新的電廠設施）和PTD（電力傳輸和分布）設備是很有必要。然而,由于有限的石油資源,石油的價格波動較大。在中國臺灣,由于人

51、們的環(huán)保意識和抵制開發(fā)新能源和電力建設面臨很大的困難。不合適的電力使用將會導致過度的能源消耗。根據(jù)經(jīng)濟部門統(tǒng)計,臺灣住宅和商業(yè)的的消耗占總能耗的34%。應用在空調(diào)和照明的電能大約占52%。因此,為了達到節(jié)能目標,我們可以從提高住宅和商業(yè)建筑用電設備開始。盡管政府已經(jīng)控制在新建筑上的節(jié)能標準,但在臺灣仍有超過94%的舊建筑,沒有考慮節(jié)能。本文旨在通過基于電力載波技術基礎上建立的系統(tǒng)從而達到負荷管理。兩個子系統(tǒng)的硬件由一個微波激射器模塊和兩

52、個控制模塊。主模塊包括一個信號轉換電路,一個AVR微處理器,一個鍵盤譯碼電路、一個液晶顯示電路和一個電力線載波電路,實現(xiàn)本地和遠程監(jiān)控的功能。控制模塊分為2類,分別是空調(diào)控制模塊和照明控制模塊。每個控制模塊包括一個信號轉換電路,一個AVR微處理器,一個鍵盤電路、液晶顯示電路、和一個電力線載波電路，它的功能是實現(xiàn)手</p><p>　　這些模塊憑借電力線進行實時通訊。每個模塊通過分配信息資源來實現(xiàn)分布管理。這個分布

53、形式也應用于信息系統(tǒng)開發(fā)和數(shù)據(jù)存儲。它的主要優(yōu)點是它可以滿足每個模塊的信息需要。為了方便使用和維護,它和集成電路最大的區(qū)別是它的模塊可以拆下來，如果一個模塊被拆下來,其他模塊可以繼續(xù)運行，整個系統(tǒng)不會停滯不前。這個本文的研究結果估計是順利應用在減少電荷來實現(xiàn)負荷管理這個場合。</p><p><b>　　二 實現(xiàn)方法</b></p><p>　　2.1 負載管理計劃

54、</p><p>　　這篇論文使用分布式控制模塊，以實現(xiàn)負荷控制為目的。根據(jù)自動操作,根據(jù)實時特性和準確數(shù)據(jù)，來減少勞動力成本，電力損耗，并且提高供電效率。這個系統(tǒng)包括一個主模塊和多個從控制模塊。主模塊用來監(jiān)控用戶的實際電力使用和傳輸信號來控制從模塊。這個控制模塊按照負載特征將采取一定的控制技術切斷電源或調(diào)整設備的功率消費?？紤]到用戶對電力服務知道很少，本文將開發(fā)一個系統(tǒng),適用于普通的人來操作，這個系統(tǒng)將會有一個

55、液晶屏幕來顯示電力服務條件。因此,用戶可以知道他們的電力質(zhì)量或相應的改變的電力使用功率。</p><p>　　主模塊中的數(shù)字儀表,用于測量參數(shù)：有效的電壓值和電流值、總功率、無功功率等。該模塊有外部通信接口,這可以通過電力線載波技術傳輸數(shù)據(jù)。因此,無論控制模塊處于建筑內(nèi)任何地方,一旦局域網(wǎng)連接成功,可以實現(xiàn)任何負載的遠程監(jiān)控和控制。</p><p>　　控制模塊是開放的,接受電力服務條件和

56、適當?shù)目刂圃O備信號。設備的工作狀況可以作為控制判斷信號。控制模塊基于負載特性可以分為空調(diào)控制和照明控制。本文的控制大負載包括家庭空調(diào)和照明設備?？照{(diào)控制采用紅外線技術,照明控制控制照明燈。隨著技術的快速發(fā)展，負載控制將更加緊湊和可靠,其硬件應用自動計量技術的監(jiān)控通信系統(tǒng)將會越來越成熟。</p><p><b>　　2.2 硬件系統(tǒng)</b></p><p>　　該系統(tǒng)

57、包括三個子系統(tǒng),即主模塊,空調(diào)控制模塊和照明控制模塊。主模塊能實時測量狀態(tài),包括電壓、電流、有功功率和無功功率等，這些參數(shù)將顯示在液晶屏幕。測量的數(shù)據(jù)可以憑借電力載波技術傳到遠處的控制模塊進行進一步處理,控制模塊根據(jù)接收到的數(shù)據(jù)轉換成指令控制負載。主模塊包括一個信號轉換電路,AVR微處理器,一個鍵盤解碼電路、液晶顯示電路和電力載波電路。它具有本地和遠程監(jiān)控的功能。信號變換電路可以將實際的電壓和電流的值通過數(shù)字/邏輯轉換為可用信號。AVR

58、微處理器可以采樣連續(xù)信號,鍵盤和電腦的指令,輸出結果用液晶顯示和控制器指令動作。這個鍵盤電路命令AVR顯示不同的參數(shù)。液晶顯示器的電路可以顯示測量波等。電力線載波電路來傳送信號從而達到控制的目的。</p><p>　　空調(diào)控制模塊包括一個信號轉換電路,AVR微處理器,一個鍵盤電路、液晶顯示電路、紅外線控制電路和一個電力載波電路。它有手動和自動控制負載的功能。AVR微處理器可以處理鍵盤的命令,根據(jù)模塊需要生成控制命

59、令，輸出結果到液晶屏顯示同時驅(qū)動紅外線控制電路。通過鍵盤電路控制AVR來顯示不同參數(shù),AVR能對紅外線控制電路傳送指令。這個液晶顯示電路可以顯示操作狀態(tài)。紅外線控制電路根據(jù)指令來控制開關和溫度的相應負載。電力線載波電路的目的是解碼載波信號和傳送數(shù)據(jù)，這些數(shù)據(jù)用來控制分模塊。</p><p>　　照明控制模塊的內(nèi)容是類似于空調(diào)控制模塊，只有在電源控制電路不同,利用根據(jù)命令控制開關負載來取代紅外線控制電路。</

60、p><p>　　主模塊和分模塊通過電力載波技術建立它們之間的通訊。主模塊的數(shù)據(jù)輸出通過內(nèi)置的RS-232接口;這個模塊將傳輸載波信號或者接收來自從電力載波線路傳送的信號。該系統(tǒng)將工作在補有電力線的地方。它利用電力線載波技術來傳輸信號和負荷監(jiān)測管理系統(tǒng)的網(wǎng)絡函數(shù)。</p><p>　　2.2.1 AVR微處理器</p><p>　　這個控制板采用帶有AVR微處理器的STK

61、128開發(fā)板(ATmega128)。AVR是由ATMEL公司研發(fā),是高速8位閃存增強型CPU。AVR單片機廣泛應用于儀器儀表、通信設備、家用電器等。AVR單片機的它主要特點是高速傳送和低功耗,先進的RISC的框架。當時鐘頻率是16兆赫,它的處理速度將會達到16 MIPS(百萬指令每秒),系統(tǒng)的128k字節(jié)可進行flash編程,也可優(yōu)化外部內(nèi)存空間的64k字節(jié)可以實現(xiàn)編程系統(tǒng)。它有JTAG接口(兼容標準 IEEE 1149.1)。通過JT

62、AG接口,可以實現(xiàn)閃存編程、EEPROM、保險絲點和鎖點。</p><p>　　帶有8位的定時器/計數(shù)器,8路線和10位ADC,8個單通道,7個差分頻道,兩個可編程的USART等等。53個可編程I/O,工作電壓4.5v-5.5v,頻率范圍為0-16兆赫?？傊?ATmega128是一個8位低功耗處理器,它基于AVR RISC框架。 由于先進的指令集和單環(huán)指令時間,ATmega128的吞吐量達到1 MIPS/ MHz

63、,可以緩解功率消耗和處理速度之間的矛盾。</p><p>　　2.2.2 電力線載波電路</p><p>　　本電路采用由Caizhi技術的（CZ-03）作為傳送模塊。CZ-03是性價比比較高的電力載波模塊。它集成了所有載波收發(fā)器電路。信號被調(diào)制后,將信號發(fā)送到電力線上。該模塊在波特率小于300bps下可以實現(xiàn)低速雙向數(shù)據(jù)傳送。在某些情況下,模塊允許多個載波設備傳輸和接收數(shù)據(jù)而不產(chǎn)生相互

64、影響。要實現(xiàn)這個通訊功能電源電壓是110/220V和頻率范圍為50-60赫茲。各個模塊之間的通訊協(xié)議不可以重設，因為它可以獨立工作。電力線載波模塊是實體和硬件之間的通信設備。當多個電力線載波模塊在電力線路傳輸網(wǎng)絡需要連接,每一個數(shù)據(jù)的ID應該都被添加到數(shù)據(jù)包來確定其他數(shù)據(jù)包的接收。換句話說,當傳輸數(shù)據(jù)時,傳輸協(xié)議依據(jù)通信數(shù)據(jù)來確定,例如設置設備的ID,數(shù)據(jù)確認和超時等等。這個模塊被廣泛的應用在許多領域,如系統(tǒng)設備的監(jiān)測和控制、其他數(shù)據(jù)通

65、信的實現(xiàn)等。所有應該考慮用電力線路作為傳輸介質(zhì)的領域有：家庭自動化、照明控制、空調(diào)控制、低速數(shù)據(jù)網(wǎng)絡,自動抄表信號和數(shù)據(jù)顯示、太陽能熱水器、火災報警和防盜報警等等。</p><p><b>　　結 論</b></p><p>　　這個系統(tǒng)有一個主模塊和兩個控制模塊。主模塊可以檢測電壓,電流、有功功率、無功功率、視在功率等等。將檢測結果顯示在LCD屏幕上。數(shù)字計量包含

66、信號變換電路、微處理器、鍵盤電路、液晶顯示電路、功率控制電路,電力線路載波電路等等?？刂颇K可以自動和手動控制負載運行狀態(tài)?？刂颇K包括微處理器、鍵盤電路,液晶顯示電路,紅外控制電路、功率控制電路,電力線載波電路等等。</p><p>　　本系統(tǒng)具有以下特點:</p><p>　　(1)這些模塊之間的通信是通過電力線完成的。它不需要任何額外的通訊線或者變更的電路負載，</p>

67、<p>　　(2)分布式管理應用于這個系統(tǒng)。如果一個特定的模塊已關閉,其他的部分仍然可以運行，避免整個系統(tǒng)的停止。</p><p>　　(3)控制模塊不僅可以實現(xiàn)手動控制負載,也可以根據(jù)負載流量實現(xiàn)自動控制。</p><p>　　(4)在系統(tǒng)研發(fā)中，研發(fā)了一個人機交換界面，負載管理的概念及應用對普通用戶將會越來越流行。</p><p>　　(5)本系統(tǒng)預