外文翻譯----關(guān)于自動變速器部分簡介

1、<p><b>　　附錄一</b></p><p><b>　　外文翻譯</b></p><p>　　A Short Course on a part of Automatic Transmissions</p><p>　　The automatic transmission gearbox, as an im

2、portant part in automobile driving system is used to make up the shortcoming of engine torque and rotary speed. It can change the vehicle speed and tyre torque in a big scope, cut off the power transfer from the engine,

3、and also provides a reverse traveling direction for the vehicle. Therefore, the reasonability of the structure design of a transmission gearbox directly affects the vehicle's dynamic performance. It is usually requir

4、ed shifting gears ra</p><p>　　The modern automatic transmission is by far, the most complicated mechanical component in today's automobile.  Manual transmissions contain mechanical systems, hydrauli

5、c systems, electrical systems and computer controls, all working together in perfect harmony which goes virtually unnoticed until there is a problem. This article will help you understand the concepts behind what goes on

6、 inside these technological marvels and what goes into repairing them when they fail.</p><p>　　Transmission</p><p>　　The transmission is a device that is connected to the back of the engine and

7、sends the power from the engine to the drive wheels. An automobile engine runs at its best at a certain RPM (Revolutions Per Minute) range and it is the transmission's job to make sure that the power is delivered to

8、 the wheels while keeping the engine within that range. It does this through various gear combinations. In first gear, the engine turns much faster in relation to the drive wheels, while in high gear the eng</p>&

9、lt;p>　　There are two basic types of automatic transmissions based on whether the</p><p>　　vehicle is rear wheel drive or front wheel drive.</p><p>　　On a rear wheel drive car, the transmissio

10、n is usually mounted to the back of the engine and is located under the hump in the center of the floorboard alongside the gas pedal position. A drive shaft connects the rear of the transmission to the final drive which

11、 is located in the rear axle and is used to send power to the rear wheels. Power flow on this system is simple and straight forward going from the engine, through the torque converter, then through the transmission and

12、drive shaft until </p><p>　　On a front wheel drive car, the transmission is usually combined with the final drive to form what is called a transaxle. The engine on a front wheel drive car is usually mounted

13、sideways in the car with the transaxle tucked under it on the side of the engine facing the rear of the car. Front axles are connected directly to the transaxle and provide power to the front wheels. In this example, po

14、wer flows from the engine, through the torque converter to a large chain that sends the power through</p><p>　　There are a number of other arrangements including front drive vehicles where the engine is moun

15、ted front to back instead of sideways and there are other systems that drive all four wheels but the two systems described here are by far the most popular. A much less popular rear drive arrangement has the transmission

16、 mounted directly to the final drive at the rear and is connected by a drive shaft to the torque converter which is still mounted on the engine. This system is found on the new Corvett</p><p>　　everything, t

17、he engine, transmission and final drive in the rear. This rear engine</p><p>　　arrangement is popular on the Porsche.</p><p>　　Transmission Components</p><p>　　The modern automatic

18、transmission consists of many components and systems that are designed to work together in a symphony of clever mechanical, hydraulic and electrical technology that has evolved over the years into what many mechanically

19、inclined individuals consider to be an art form. </p><p>　　The cyeloid drive</p><p>　　The cyeloid drive has the essential advnatages sueh as Wide rnage of tranmsission ratio，eompact surtcture，hi

20、gh relibaility nad long wokrnig lief，So It gets borad application and its rsearch goes deep eonstnatly. The drive has been not only applied to traditionalt rnasmissionfield but also has alluring applieation in the aspeet

21、s of micro machine，robot gear ,preeision machine taansmission，super mini cycloid drive，asrtonaut cquipment，measurment apparatus，tenement intelligence and high-tech equipmen</p><p>　　Automatic transmissions c

22、ontain many gears in various combinations. In a manual transmission, gears slide along shafts as you move the shift lever from one position to another, engaging various sized gears as required in order to provide the co

23、rrect gear ratio. In an automatic transmission, however, the gears are never physically moved and are always engaged to the same gears. This is accomplished through the use of planetary gear sets.</p><p>　　

24、One example of a way that this system can be used is by connecting the ring gear to the input shaft coming from the engine, connecting the planet carrier to the output shaft, and locking the sun gear so that it can't

25、 move. In this scenario, when we turn the ring gear, the planets will "walk" along the sun gear (which is held stationary) causing the planet carrier to mm the output shaft in the same direction as the input sh

26、aft but at a slower speed causing gear reduction (similar to a car in firs</p><p>　　If we unlock the sun gear and lock any two elements together, this will cause all three elements to turn at the same speed

27、so that the output shaft will mm at the same rate of speed as the input shaft. This is like a car that is in third or high gear. Another way that we can use a Planetary gear set is by locking the planet carrier from mov

28、ing, then applying power to the ring gear which will cause the sun gear to turn in the opposite direction giving us reverse gear.</p><p>　　The clutch pack is used, in this instance, to lock the planet carrie

29、r with the sun gear forcing both to turn at the same speed. If both the clutch pack and the band were released, the system would be in neutral. Turning the input shaft would turn the planet gears against the sun gear, bu

30、t since nothing is holding the sun gear, it will just spin free and have no effect on the output shaft. To place the unit in first gear, the band is applied to hold the sun gear from moving. To shift from first t</p&g

31、t;<p>　　Many more combinations are possible using two or more planetary sets connected in various ways to provide the different forward speeds and reverse that are found in modem automatic transmissions.</p>

32、<p>　　Some of the clever gear arrangements found in four and now, five, six and even seven-speed automatics are complex enough to make a technically astute lay person's head spin trying to understand the flow

33、of power through the transmission as it shifts from first gear through top gear while the vehicle accelerates to highway speed. On newer vehicles, the vehicle's computer monitors and controls these shifts so that th

34、eyare almost imperceptible.</p><p>　　Computer Controls</p><p>　　The computer uses sensors on the engine and transmission to detect such things as throttle position, vehicle speed, engine speed,

35、 engine load, brake pedal position, etc. to control exact shift points as well as how soft or firm the shift should be. Once the computer receives this information, it then sends signals to a solenoid pack inside the tra

36、nsmission. The solenoid pack contains several electrically controlled solenoids that redirect the fluid to the appropriate clutch pack or servo in ord</p><p>　　Because of computer controls, sports models are

37、 coming out with the ability to take manual control of the transmission as though it were a stick shift, allowing the driver to select gears manually. This is accomplished on some cars by passing the shift lever through

38、a special gate, then tapping it in one direction or the other in order to up-shift or down-shift at will. The computer monitors this activity to make sure that the driver does not select a gear that could over speed the

39、engine and da</p><p>　　Hydraulic System</p><p>　　The Hydraulic system is a complex maze of passages and tubes that sends</p><p>　　transmission fluid under pressure to all parts of t

40、he transmission and torque converter.The newer systems are much more complex and are combined with computerized electrical components. Transmission fluid serves a number of purposes including:shift control, general lubri

41、cation and transmission cooling. Unlike the engine, which uses oil primarily for lubrication, every aspect of a transmission's functions are dependant on a constant supply of fluid under pressure. This is not unlike

42、 the human ci</p><p>　　Valve Body</p><p>　　The valve body is the control center of the automatic transmission. It contains a maze of channels and 'passages that direct hydraulic fluid to the

43、 numerous valves which then activate the appropriate clutch pack or band servo to smoothly shift to the appropriate gear for each driving situation. Each of the many valves in the valve body has a specific purpose and i

44、s named for that function. For example the 2-3 shift valve activates the 2nd gear to 3rd gear up-shift or the 3-2 shift timing valve </p><p>　　The most important valve, and the one that you have direct contr

45、ol over is the manual valve. The manual valve is directly connected to the gear shift handle and covers and uncovers various passages depending on what position the gear shift is placed in. When you place the gear shift

46、in Drive, for instance, the manual valve directs fluid to the clutch pack(s) that activates 1st gear. it also sets up to monitor vehicle speed and throttle position so that it can determine the optimal time and the f<

47、/p><p>　　關(guān)于自動變速器部分簡介</p><p>　　變速器是汽車重要的傳動系組成，在較大范圍內(nèi)改變汽車行駛速度的大小和汽車驅(qū)動輪上扭矩的大小。變速器能在發(fā)動機(jī)旋轉(zhuǎn)方向不變的前提下，使汽車倒退行駛，而且利用擋位可以中斷動力的傳遞。所以變速器的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計的合理性直接影響到汽車動力性和經(jīng)濟(jì)性。設(shè)計要求達(dá)到換擋迅速、省力、方便、有較高的工作效率、工作噪聲低。</p><p&

48、gt;　　手動變速器到現(xiàn)在為止是汽車上最為復(fù)雜的機(jī)械部件。手動變速器包含機(jī)械系統(tǒng)、液壓系統(tǒng)。這些系統(tǒng)配合在一起，能夠非常的協(xié)調(diào)。本文將幫助您了解變速器的一些常識和一些技術(shù)問題以便幫助您解決一些問題。</p><p><b>　　變速器</b></p><p>　　變速器是連接在發(fā)動機(jī)背后的一個裝置，從引擎?zhèn)魉蛣恿Φ斤w跑的輪胎上。</p><p>

49、;　　一個汽車引擎最好的狀態(tài)是在某一的范圍內(nèi)每分鐘的轉(zhuǎn)數(shù)，它傳輸?shù)墓ぷ饕_保</p><p>　　動力是被傳到輪胎上的與此同時引擎要保持在那個范圍里。它做這個動作要經(jīng)過</p><p>　　不同的齒輪聯(lián)動。在第一擋，引擎要涉及到驅(qū)動器所以轉(zhuǎn)動的要快得多；在高速</p><p>　　擋是空轉(zhuǎn)的即使汽車大多保持在時速70公里。除了不同的前進(jìn)裝置，變速器在驅(qū)動器離開引擎時

50、它處于空擋；相反的，導(dǎo)致驅(qū)動器變?yōu)榉聪蚓驮试S倒擋了。最后有個停車位置。在這個位置上，閉鎖的機(jī)械裝置是被嵌入從動軸的一個槽里去鎖住驅(qū)動器并阻止轉(zhuǎn)動，從而防止車子轉(zhuǎn)動。</p><p>　　自動駕駛有兩個基本類型：汽車是后驅(qū)動還是前驅(qū)動。</p><p>　　后驅(qū)動的汽車，變速器通常安裝在引擎后面并定位于油門旁的車底板中心隆</p><p>　　起的下邊。主驅(qū)動橋連結(jié)變

51、速箱的背面到最后的位于后車橋并用來傳送動力到后</p><p>　　輪。在這一個系統(tǒng)方面的動力流量是簡單的和筆直前方從引擎去，經(jīng)過扭力變換</p><p>　　器，然后經(jīng)過變速箱和驅(qū)動橋直到最后傳動的時候是分送到兩個后輪胎的。</p><p>　　前驅(qū)動的汽車，變速器通常連接最后傳動到一個形狀為驅(qū)動橋的地方。在前</p><p>　　驅(qū)動汽車

52、的引擎通常安裝在車子面對后輪的引擎一邊的驅(qū)動橋縫摺下。前車橋直</p><p>　　接地被連接到聯(lián)合傳動箱而且提供動力給前輪。在這一個例中，電源從引擎流動</p><p>　　扭力變換器達(dá)到一個巨大的鏈上通過180度沿著引擎轉(zhuǎn)到變速器。從那，動力通</p><p>　　過變速器被發(fā)送到最后的傳動，通過驅(qū)動的車軸送到兩個前輪。</p><p>

53、　　許多其他的安排包括前驅(qū)動的從前到后代替從一旁的引擎的車子以及到四輪驅(qū)動的是目前為止描述的最流行的。少量流行的后輪驅(qū)動，變速器直接安裝在后面并通過主動軸連接到仍綁在引擎上的轉(zhuǎn)矩變換器上。這個系統(tǒng)在新的Corvette并為了因?yàn)楦倪M(jìn)的性能和處理使重量被均勻的平衡到前輪和后輪而使用。另外的一個后輪驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)展開背面的每件事物，引擎，變速箱和最后的傳動。這一個后引擎布置是在流行的保時捷上；</p><p><b&

54、gt;　　變速器的構(gòu)成</b></p><p>　　現(xiàn)代自動變速器由許多成分和系統(tǒng)組成。讓在機(jī)械的、水壓的和電</p><p>　　器技術(shù)的能夠靈活的和諧的一起工作，那么多年已經(jīng)發(fā)展成了許多機(jī)械傾向的個</p><p>　　體當(dāng)作是個藝術(shù)的形式。</p><p><b>　　擺線針輪行星傳動</b></

55、p><p>　　擺線針輪行星傳動具有傳動比范圍大、結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊、可靠性高和壽命長等顯著特點(diǎn)，因而獲得了廣泛的應(yīng)用，研究也不斷深入。該傳動不僅廣泛應(yīng)用于通用傳動領(lǐng)域，而且在微機(jī)械、機(jī)械人傳動裝置、精密機(jī)械傳動、超小型傳動、宇航設(shè)備，測量儀器、住宅智能化和高技術(shù)設(shè)備等方面有誘人的應(yīng)用潛力。在擺線針輪行星傳動家族中，AF型擺線針輪行星傳動變速器是一種新的傳動裝置。與一般的擺線針輪行星傳動相比，它具有體積小、重量輕、傳動比范圍大

56、、傳動比的多樣性、壽命長、剛度大、回轉(zhuǎn)精度高、精度保持穩(wěn)定、效率高、傳動平穩(wěn)等一系列的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。該傳動設(shè)計采用了許多先進(jìn)的理念和技術(shù)，應(yīng)用一種創(chuàng)新的結(jié)構(gòu)形式，因此該種AF型針擺傳動有效地克服了傳統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)不足，提高了傳遞的功率和容量，提高了傳遞的精度。自動駕駛包含了許多不同組合的齒輪。在人力操作駕駛中，齒輪沿著軸滑行</p><p>　　正如你從一個位置達(dá)到另一個位置移動著操縱桿，引擎不同的尺寸正是為了提供</p

57、><p>　　正確的齒輪傳動比的必要性。在自動駕駛中，齒輪仍然從未本身的移動總是和同</p><p>　　樣的齒輪緊緊貼合在一起。通過行星齒輪組的使用是完全實(shí)現(xiàn)的?；镜男行驱X</p><p>　　輪組包含了一個中心齒輪，一個環(huán)形齒輪和兩個以上的行星齒輪，所有的都經(jīng)常</p><p>　　嚙合。行星齒輪通過一個普通的允許齒輪旋轉(zhuǎn)在附屬于架子的叫做

58、“小齒輪”的</p><p><b>　　軸上彼此連接著。</b></p><p>　　一個這種方式的例子：這個系統(tǒng)可以使用是通過引擎上的環(huán)形齒輪和輸入軸</p><p>　　連接在一起，行星齒輪和輸出軸連接在一起并把中心齒輪鎖住那樣就不會移動了。在這個情景下，我們轉(zhuǎn)動環(huán)形齒輪，行星齒輪就會沿著中心齒輪“行走”了從而在同一個方向行星齒輪去旋轉(zhuǎn)輸

59、出軸以及輸入軸也是如此，但是在一個緩慢的速度下會導(dǎo)致齒輪變形(類似于汽車在低擋)。如果我們鎖住中心齒輪以及任何兩個元件，這會導(dǎo)致所有三個元件在同一個方向旋轉(zhuǎn)那樣輸出軸會在同一速度上旋轉(zhuǎn)同時輸入軸也是。這就像一輛車子在三擋或者高速擋。其他的方式我們可以使用通過行星齒輪移動的行星齒輪組，然后將環(huán)形齒輪應(yīng)用于動力導(dǎo)致中心齒輪會在逆轉(zhuǎn)齒輪相反的方向旋轉(zhuǎn)。離合器在這種情況下使用，把行星齒輪和中心齒輪鎖住強(qiáng)迫他們在同一個速度上。如果離合器和傳送帶都

60、放松，齒輪將會在空擋。輸入軸旋轉(zhuǎn)行星齒輪就會朝著逆時針方向旋轉(zhuǎn)，但是既然沒有東西鎖住中心齒輪，它就會空轉(zhuǎn)對輸出軸沒有影響。在一擋的位置，傳送帶用于中心齒輪移動。為了從第一到高速齒輪變擋，帶子被釋放，而且離合器被應(yīng)用導(dǎo)致輸出橋以如同輸入橋一般的速度轉(zhuǎn)。</p><p>　　在現(xiàn)代自動變速器中被發(fā)現(xiàn)許多的組成可能使用兩個或者更多行星齒輪聯(lián)結(jié)成各種的方式去提供不同的向前和相反的速度。一些零活的齒輪安排被發(fā)現(xiàn)有四個，現(xiàn)在

61、五個、六個甚至七個擋的自動變速器，這足夠復(fù)雜的去制作一個技術(shù)性靈活的能夠放置在較新的車輛上，車輛的計算機(jī)檢測而且控制這些變化，以便他們幾乎察覺不到。</p><p><b>　　計算機(jī)控制</b></p><p>　　計算機(jī)使用引擎和變速器上的傳感器捕捉類似于減速、汽車速度、引擎速度、</p><p>　　引擎負(fù)荷、制動踏板等等的東西，去控制準(zhǔn)

62、確的變化點(diǎn)。一旦計算機(jī)接收到這個</p><p>　　信息，它會向變速器里電磁線圈發(fā)出信號。電磁線圈包含了幾個電控螺線管為了</p><p>　　控制擋使改變流向離合器底座的方向。計算機(jī)處理的變速器甚至?xí)@悉到你的駕</p><p>　　駛風(fēng)格并在不斷適當(dāng)?shù)恼{(diào)節(jié)那樣在需要時每個擋定被精確的計時。</p><p>　　因?yàn)橛嬎銠C(jī)的控制、有關(guān)運(yùn)動

63、的型號是伴隨著變速器手控的能力而投入市場，雖然它是一根棍棍但允許司機(jī)選擇手動換擋。這個在一些車上通過一個特殊的閘口經(jīng)過擋數(shù)來完成，然后意愿在一個方向或者另一個方向上進(jìn)行調(diào)高速擋或降低速擋把它弄進(jìn)去。計算機(jī)監(jiān)控到這個活動并確定司機(jī)沒有選擇一擋可能引擎會超速并導(dǎo)致?lián)p害。</p><p><b>　　水壓系統(tǒng)</b></p><p>　　水壓系統(tǒng)是一個復(fù)雜的通道，管子在壓力

64、下送液體到變速器和轉(zhuǎn)矩變換器的所有的部分。新系統(tǒng)更復(fù)雜，由計算機(jī)處理的電力組成。變速器液體供應(yīng)</p><p>　　許多包括移動控制、普通潤滑油和變速器制冷的用途。不像引擎首先為潤滑油為主的使用油，變速器運(yùn)作的每方面是依靠在壓力下的液體的固定供應(yīng)。這不像人力循環(huán)系統(tǒng)(液體甚至是紅的)甚至幾分鐘的操作當(dāng)壓力的缺少都是有害的甚至對變速器的壽命是致命的。為了保持變速器在一個正常的運(yùn)作溫度，液體的一部分是通過一到兩個鋼管

65、傳送到特殊的地方那樣在水箱中防凍劑被淹沒。液體穿過這個地方是凍住的然后通過其他鋼管回到變速器。一個典型的變速器在變速器、轉(zhuǎn)矩變換器和冷卻器中有一個平均十夸脫的液體。事實(shí)上，一個變速箱的大部份結(jié)構(gòu)不變地在包括離合器底座和傳送帶的流體中被浸水。只有當(dāng)他們在油中被浸水的時候，在這些零配件上的磨擦表面被設(shè)計適當(dāng)?shù)夭僮鳌?lt;/p><p><b>　　閥體</b></p><p>

66、;　　閥體是自動變速器的控制中心。他包含了一連串的電路和通道，直接將液壓機(jī)液體傳到眾多的閥上然后適當(dāng)?shù)氖闺x合器底座和傳輸帶活躍起來，每次駕駛操作系統(tǒng)適當(dāng)?shù)恼{(diào)整到平穩(wěn)移動以及適當(dāng)?shù)膫鲃印ｉy體中的每個閥有明確的作用并因?yàn)樗淖饔枚?。比?-3換擋油閥刺激二擋到三擋或者3-2的延時擋這個在調(diào)低速擋發(fā)生的時候就會這樣。</p><p>　　最重要的閥就是你直接控制的手控閥。手控閥是直接傳動機(jī)構(gòu)中擋，蓋著和未蓋的各種通