外文翻譯---非開挖技術(shù)在工程中的應(yīng)用

1、<p>　　The application of Trenchless technology in engineering</p><p>　　Abstract: In recent years, trenchless technology was developed rapidly in our country. Because it damaged environmental small,locat

2、e accurate,cost low,didn’t affect traffic and its construction period is short .So it was applied more and more in the underground engineering (such as urban underground pipeline and the subway). This article introduce t

3、he Examples of application of pipe jacking method (the common methods of trenchless technology) in urban underground pipeline and subway, and also de</p><p>　　Key words: Trenchless technology; pipe jacking m

4、ethod</p><p>　　0 lead said </p><p>　　Trenchless technology is refers to the use of horizontal directional drilling technical means of the geotechnical dig, on ground not excavation circumstances

5、 laying, replacement and repair all sorts of underground pipeline construction of new technology. Because trenchless technology has laying pipelines position precision, construction period is short, the environmental dam

6、age the small, do not affect traffic and low cost advantages, non-excavation technology has in urban underground pipeline, </p><p>　　Trenchless construction equipment is mainly composed of the following seve

7、ral parts: </p><p>　　1) guidance system: used in drilling process to the drill bit localization to determine the orientation Angle and drilling. By transmitters and receivers, controller, remote monitor, pow

8、er supply etc. </p><p>　　2) host: by the engine, hydraulic system, mud pump, dynamic axis, pipe and loading systems etc. </p><p>　　3) drill bit, back by expanding head, pipe etc. </p><

9、;p>　　mud mixing system: can increase the drill lubrication, lower drilling resistance and drill working temperature. </p><p>　　1 in the pipeline trenchless technology project and the application </p>

10、;<p>　　1.1 project summary </p><p>　　Set 1650mm sewage pipe diameters for engineering, pipe jacking pipe using F tube, steel mouth interface, bearing Ⅲ level tube. D1650 844.1 meters, length of pipe j

11、acking slope i=0.6‰. </p><p>　　Determination of 1.2 pipes </p><p>　　According to the engineering drawings request, this project the sewage pipe pipe jacking by use of pipes for: using F tube, st

12、eel mouth interface, bearing Ⅲ level tube. 130 pipe jacking construction plan, technology and quality control measures </p><p>　　Pipe jacking brief </p><p>　　Pipe-jacking, pipe jacking diameters

13、 for 1650, using slurry balance mechanical roadheader pipe jacking construction. Input 1 Φ 1650TLM slurry balance pipe jacking construction operation used in engineering roadheader. </p><p>　　The selection o

14、f 1.4 pipe jacking equipment and installation </p><p>　　1.4.1 pipe jacking roadheader choice </p><p>　　Choose good of pipe jacking roadheader pipe jacking is vital. According to the landlord wil

15、l provide the engineering geology exploration manual, geological data shows that this engineering pipe jacking through stratum for silt layer, the permeability coefficient is big, physical and mechanical properties of po

16、or. So, choose a kind of more advanced fully enclosed mechanical crest </p><p>　　Tube roadheader -- TLM slurry balance roadheader. The machine has a settlement high control accuracy, of jacking speed, etc. &

17、lt;/p><p>　　The selection of 1.4 pipe jacking equipment and installation </p><p>　　1.4.1 pipe jacking roadheader choice </p><p>　　Choose good of pipe jacking roadheader pipe jacking is

18、 vital. According to the landlord will provide the engineering geology exploration manual, geological data shows that this engineering pipe jacking through stratum for silt layer, the permeability coefficient is big, phy

19、sical and mechanical properties of poor. So, choose </p><p>　　Tube roadheader -- TLM slurry balance roadheader. The machine has a settlement high control accuracy, of jacking speed, etc. </p><p>

20、;　　1.4.2 Lord of jacking system Settings </p><p>　　Lord of jacking system consists of oil cylinder group, of jacking ring, steel, leaning back and hydraulic pump station etc, its main function is to GuanJie

21、of jacking, is the main pipe jacking equipment system part. </p><p>　　1) oil cylinder group </p><p>　　Oil cylinder by 4 only oil cylinder of decorate symmetrically two columns of points, every c

22、olumn each 2 only oil cylinder fold up into, and the structure of bearing fixed, ce LiangLianCheng one with connection. Oil cylinder choose domestic double stroke, double function of each item of hydraulic jack thrust on

23、ly oil cylinder for maximum thrust 1000KN, equipment for maximum thrust 4000KN, meet the maximum allowable pipe jacking jacking force requirements. Oil cylinder stroke length 2.5 3.0 m, so</p><p>　　2) hydrau

24、lic pump station </p><p>　　Choose A2F28RP2 inclined shaft type 2 sets the plunger pump, equipped with Y200L - 6 type motor. Through the speed regulation valves can be changed according to the flow of oil pum

25、p, the condition of jacking required to control the main roof oil cylinder top speed. To satisfy the excavation face earth pressure balance conditions, thus plays the role of ground subsidence control. </p><p&

26、gt;　　3) steel, leaning back </p><p>　　When GuanJie of jacking the oil cylinder, through reverse force after evenly transfer by steel walls to work well, avoid sidewall stress caused by uneven or local stress

27、 shaftlining structure, excessive damage. Steel, leaning back when installed, should be vertical axis with top into the gap between borehole wall, and application of conerete, ensure that the overall contact fill reality

28、. </p><p>　　4) Lord of jacking device main technical parameters </p><p>　　Oil cylinder quantity: 4 </p><p>　　Oil cylinder size: D x d x L = φ 2.5 x φ 220 x 3 500 mm </p><

29、;p>　　Oil cylinder trip: S = 3 000 m </p><p>　　Limited Pressure: P = 25MPa </p><p>　　Limit thrust: F = 1500KN </p><p>　　Highest pressure: Pmax = 31.5 MPa </p><p>　　Ma

30、ximum thrust: Fmax =2000KN </p><p>　　1.4.3 sturry unearthed system </p><p>　　Telemole facade system adopts the piping system. Slurry pump type: 4/3 C - AH, motor power 18.5 kW, flow 90m³ /

31、 h, head 21.8 m. The pipe jacking construction of efficiency is the effect of tube unearthed by sturry the key link, because piping system can make the pipe jacking to achieve continuous advancing. </p><p>

32、　　1.4.4 pipe jacking working pit facilities layout </p><p>　　Pit guide should have enough intensity and rigidity. The engineering foundation by steel and steel plates welded rails and into. Based on the work

33、 well in bottom plate, embed should be prior embedded steel consistent position and foundation pit, in order to guide rails and welding. Embedded steel reinforced the anchorage to welded and have enough anchoring strengt

34、h, guide rail placed the good, still should in two side, with steel support when necessary to ensure slideway pouring the concrete aga</p><p>　　In the process of jacking check and recheck frequently. Lord to

35、p oil cylinder frame is split type structure, main top oil cylinder frame installation also want accurate location. Ensure oil cylinder bearing point is in the correct position. The elevation and plane installation error

36、 is less than 5mm. Top iron pipe axis parallel axis should with iron and symmetrical, top, and shall not have contact between rails soil, smeary; Top iron tube nozzle should adopt the buffer material between line. In <

37、;/p><p>　　1.5 of jacking construction technology, technical quality control measures </p><p>　　1.5.1 pushing force and maximum limit measures </p><p>　　Engineering Lord top hydraulic s

38、ystem work well pushing force according to the maximum allowable jacking force of 1000KN set to:. Restrictive measures for control hydraulic system pressure. When the hydraulic system pressure to achieve 10MPa, Lord top

39、hydraulic console will alarm to meet limits maximum jacking force measures. Due to limited system pressure is lesser, when necessary, to ensure that guide pouring the concrete again under the condition of the suffers bum

40、p, don't move, changeless fo</p><p>　　1.5.2 pipe jacking rectification main techniques </p><p>　　Rectification operation scheme should be pipe jacking driver hand-over key points of discussi

41、on. Plan for the measurement of the helicopter provided according to the base and folding horn, tiltmeter, front feet walking trend in reading comparison, the tail subsidence quantity, etc. 0.5 degrees above the big acti

42、on should avoid rectify and serious debate should strive for forced in the important districts to and strengthen observation. If no rectification movement after folding Angle changes shou</p><p>　　1.5.3 sett

43、lement control measures points </p><p>　　In pipe jacking before construction, is necessary to understand the pipeline or structures elevation and position. Formulate feasible protective measures, to obtain t

44、he other side recognition ability construction, ensure pipeline and fixtures safety. </p><p>　　The ground monitoring, optimize the roadheader parameters </p><p>　　Line every 3m above laid a sett

45、lement control pile. Through the surface monitoring get lung heavy quantity and corresponding tunneling main parameters (including the advancing speed, excavation surface soil pressure value, such as comparison unearthed

46、 rate, thus optimize) after parameters, guide the se pipe jacking propulsion. </p><p>　　2) grouting stabilization measures </p><p>　　In addition, in the initial propulsive phase outside, in adva

47、nce parameters optimization of jacking in the process of strengthening synchronous grouting is also effective means of bentonite, must as far as possible will head of random moving forward mud, forming a continuous circu

48、lar plasma sets. Want to choose thixotropic the good performance of bentonite pulp material. </p><p>　　1.5.4 measuring instrument equipped with and inspection </p><p>　　Pipe jacking construction

49、 need to undertake 3d dynamic measurement, the precision requirement is extremely high, must adopt high precision and excellent performance measurement instruments. Therefore, equipped with electronic tachometer (side an

50、gular accuracy + 2 "from 3 mm) quantity of NA2 level etc precision instruments. </p><p>　　In the process of 1.5.5 pipe jacking emergency measures </p><p>　　1) to the excavation of the techn

51、ical measures to improve soil for positive soil improvement in the nose, upper arranged to meet soil grouting </p><p>　　Tube. Of jacking, through to the soil body pressure grouting pipe by the amount of mud

52、and injection knife dish, can effectively mixed soil, make improvement positive unearthed keep smooth. </p><p>　　2) the technical measures of GuanJie stop turning </p><p>　　Top into opportunity

53、in the knife dish head screw machine under the effect of rotating will happen, and the helicopter rotating especially when slants big to top Angle into the adverse effects of tool tube, and therefore should adopt measure

54、s investor turn. In front of the nose cone level two side welding wing, long 1.8 m wide 30 mm, thick 25 mm, to prevent head spin. The rotation of the helicopter mainly adopts the method of pressurized weights. Both sides

55、 in the helicopter </p><p>　　In the initial promote stage, wants elaborate organization in shaft welding surface monitoring, press block stents, 1 # and # 6 tube two side also welding pressure iron stents. T

56、wo side first put pressure on average 60 blocks, t. Once found a tiny deflection, the helicopter will immediately move to another side pressure iron. </p><p>　　3.Trenchless technology prospects and the exist

57、ing problems </p><p>　　With the present urbanization advancement, original pipeline of aging, underground pipe repair, the amount of increase year by year used to repair trenchless method of technology will

58、also give attention. The underground pipes only to the whole range, the general urban underground pipeline length of about 4.3 million kilometers. 261km of liquefied petroleum gas pipelines, natural gas pipeline, water s

59、upply pipe 8630km 7000km, heat-supply pipeline, drainage and other pipe 7048km 7523km. Not commu</p><p>　　非開挖技術(shù)在工程中的應(yīng)用</p><p>　　摘要：近些年，非開挖技術(shù)在我國迅速發(fā)展，由于其對(duì)環(huán)境破壞小，施工周期短，定位精確，成本低，不影響交通，使其在地下工程（如城市地下管線

60、和地鐵）中應(yīng)用越來越多。本文對(duì)非開挖技術(shù)的常用方法——頂管法在城市地下管線和地鐵中的應(yīng)用實(shí)例進(jìn)行了介紹，并描述了非開挖技術(shù)的前景和存在的問題。</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞：非開挖技術(shù)；頂管法</p><p><b>　　0 引 言</b></p><p>　　非開挖技術(shù)是指利用水平定向巖土鉆掘的技術(shù)手段，在地面不開挖的情況下鋪設(shè)、更換和

61、修復(fù)各種地下管線的施工新技術(shù)。由于非開挖技術(shù)具有鋪設(shè)管線位置精確，施工周期短，對(duì)環(huán)境破壞小，不影響交通，成本低等優(yōu)點(diǎn)，非開挖技術(shù)已經(jīng)在城市地下管線、地鐵線路以及其他工程中得到了廣泛的應(yīng)用。</p><p>　　非開挖施工設(shè)備主要由以下幾部分組成:</p><p>　　1）導(dǎo)向系統(tǒng):用于在鉆進(jìn)過程中對(duì)鉆頭進(jìn)行定位, 以確定鉆頭的傾斜角度與鉆進(jìn)方位。由發(fā)射器、接收器、控制器、遙控顯示器、電源等

62、組成。</p><p>　　2）主機(jī):由發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)、液壓系統(tǒng)、泥漿泵、動(dòng)力軸、鉆桿及裝卸系統(tǒng)等組成。</p><p>　　3）鉆具:由鉆頭、回?cái)U(kuò)頭、鉆桿等組成。</p><p>　　4）泥漿攪拌系統(tǒng):可增加鉆頭的潤滑作用, 降低鉆進(jìn)阻力和鉆頭的工作溫度。</p><p>　　1 非開挖技術(shù)在管道工程中的應(yīng)用</p><p&g

63、t;<b>　　1.1 工程概況</b></p><p>　　設(shè)定工程污水管道管徑為1650mm,頂管管材采用F管，鋼承口型接口，Ⅲ級(jí)管。D1650頂管長度844.1米，坡度i=0.6‰。[1]</p><p>　　1.2 管材的確定</p><p>　　根據(jù)工程設(shè)計(jì)圖紙的要求，本工程污水管頂管所使用的管材為：采用F管，鋼承口型接口，Ⅲ級(jí)管

64、。1.3 頂管施工方案、工藝及質(zhì)量控制措施</p><p><b>　　頂管簡況</b></p><p>　　頂管工程，頂管管徑為1650，采用泥水平衡機(jī)械掘進(jìn)機(jī)頂管施工。投入1臺(tái)Φ1650TLM 泥水平衡頂管掘進(jìn)機(jī)用于工程施工作業(yè)。</p><p>　　1.4 頂管設(shè)備的選用及安裝</p><p>　　1.4.1頂管

65、掘進(jìn)機(jī)的選擇</p><p>　　選擇好頂管掘進(jìn)機(jī)對(duì)頂管施工是至關(guān)重要的。根據(jù)業(yè)主提供的工程地質(zhì)勘察說明書、地質(zhì)資料顯示，本工程頂管穿越地層為粉砂土層，滲透系數(shù)大，物理力學(xué)性質(zhì)差。因此，選擇一種較先進(jìn)的全封閉機(jī)械頂</p><p>　　管掘進(jìn)機(jī)———TLM 泥水平衡掘進(jìn)機(jī)。該機(jī)具有沉降控制精度高，頂進(jìn)速度快等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。</p><p>　　1.4.2 主頂進(jìn)系統(tǒng)設(shè)置&

66、lt;/p><p>　　主頂進(jìn)系統(tǒng)由油缸組、頂進(jìn)環(huán)、鋼后靠及液壓泵站等組成，其主要功能是成管節(jié)頂進(jìn)，是頂管設(shè)備系統(tǒng)的主要組成部份。</p><p><b>　　1 ）油缸組</b></p><p>　　油缸組由4只油缸分兩列左右對(duì)稱布置，每列各2只油缸疊積而成，并用可分式結(jié)構(gòu)的支座固定，用聯(lián)接梁連成一體。油缸選用國產(chǎn)的雙沖程、雙作用等推力液壓千斤項(xiàng)

67、，每只油缸最大推力為1000KN，裝備最大推力為4000KN，滿足頂管最大允許頂力的要求。油缸行程3.0m，因此長度2.5m 的管節(jié)可一次連續(xù)頂進(jìn)完成，無須再設(shè)墊塊，提高了工效，并減輕了勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度。</p><p><b>　　2 ） 液壓泵站</b></p><p>　　選用2臺(tái)A2F28RP2 斜軸式柱塞油泵，配備Y200L—6型電機(jī)。通過調(diào)速閥可改變油泵的流量，根

68、據(jù)頂進(jìn)時(shí)的工況要求及時(shí)控制主頂油缸的頂速。以滿足開挖面土壓平衡的條件，從而起到控制地面沉降的作用。</p><p><b>　　3） 鋼后靠</b></p><p>　　管節(jié)頂進(jìn)時(shí)油缸的反力， 通過鋼后靠均勻地傳遞到工作井井壁上，避免井壁受力不均或局部受力過大造成井壁結(jié)構(gòu)破壞。鋼后靠安裝時(shí)，應(yīng)與頂進(jìn)軸線保持垂直，與井壁間的空隙應(yīng)用素混凝土填實(shí)，確保整體接觸。</

69、p><p>　　4） 主頂進(jìn)裝置主要技術(shù)參數(shù)</p><p><b>　　油缸數(shù)量：4只</b></p><p>　　油缸尺寸：D×d×L＝φ250×φ220×3 500 mm</p><p>　　油缸行程：S=3 000 m</p><p>　　限定油壓：P＝

70、25MPa</p><p>　　限定推力：F＝1500KN</p><p>　　最高油壓：Pmax＝31.5MPa</p><p>　　最大推力：Fmax＝2000KN</p><p>　　頂進(jìn)速度：V=0-80 mm/min</p><p>　　1.4.3 泥水出土系統(tǒng)</p><p>　

71、　泥水系統(tǒng)采用Telemole 管路系統(tǒng)。渣漿泵型號(hào)：4/3 C－AH，電機(jī)功率18.5kW，流量90m³/h，揚(yáng)程21.8 m。頂管施工的管內(nèi)出土是影響工效的關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)，因?yàn)椴捎媚嗨苈废到y(tǒng)可使頂管實(shí)現(xiàn)連續(xù)推進(jìn)。</p><p>　　1.4.4 頂管工作坑設(shè)施布置</p><p>　　基坑導(dǎo)軌應(yīng)具有足夠的強(qiáng)度和剛度。本工程基坑導(dǎo)軌由型鋼和鋼板焊接而成。在工作井底板基礎(chǔ)上應(yīng)事先預(yù)

72、埋鋼板，預(yù)埋鋼板的位置與基坑導(dǎo)軌相吻合，以便導(dǎo)軌與之焊接。預(yù)埋鋼板上的錨固鋼筋要焊牢并有足夠的錨固強(qiáng)度，導(dǎo)軌安放好，還應(yīng)在二側(cè)用型鋼支撐好，必要時(shí)再澆筑混凝土，確保導(dǎo)軌在受撞擊的條件下，不走動(dòng)，不變形。導(dǎo)軌安裝的允許偏差為：軸線位置：3mm，頂面高程：0+3mm，兩軌內(nèi)距：±2mm。</p><p>　　在頂進(jìn)過程中經(jīng)常進(jìn)行檢查和復(fù)核。主頂油缸架是拼裝式結(jié)構(gòu)，主頂油缸架的安裝也要定位準(zhǔn)確。保證油缸受力點(diǎn)

73、的正確位置。其高程和平面安裝誤差小于5mm。頂鐵軸線應(yīng)與管道軸線平行、對(duì)稱，頂鐵與導(dǎo)軌之間的接觸面不得有泥土、油污；頂鐵與管口之間應(yīng)采用緩沖材料襯。在頂進(jìn)過程中，工作人員不得在頂鐵上方及側(cè)面停留，并應(yīng)隨時(shí)觀察頂鐵有無異常跡象。承壓壁是承受和傳遞全部頂力的后座墻，更應(yīng)具有足夠的強(qiáng)度和剛度，并有足夠安全度。本工程的承壓壁設(shè)計(jì)在內(nèi)襯混凝土上先用鋼筋混凝土澆平，后靠鋼板用δ＝70 鋼板，在鋼板和混凝土平面之間襯滿堂50mm木板。</p&g

74、t;<p>　　1.5 頂進(jìn)施工工藝、技術(shù)質(zhì)量控制措施</p><p>　　1.5.1 最大頂推力及其限制措施</p><p>　　工程主頂液壓系統(tǒng)最大頂推力根據(jù)工作井的許用頂力設(shè)置為：1000KN。限制措施為控制液壓系統(tǒng)的壓力。當(dāng)液壓系統(tǒng)的壓力達(dá)到10MPa時(shí)，主頂液壓控制臺(tái)將報(bào)警，以滿足限制最大頂力的措施。由于限制的系統(tǒng)壓力較小，必要時(shí)再澆筑混凝土，確保導(dǎo)軌在受撞擊的

75、條件下，不走動(dòng)，不變形。導(dǎo)軌安裝的允許偏差為：軸線位置：3mm，頂面高程：0+3mm，兩軌內(nèi)距：±2mm所以液壓系統(tǒng)的故障將大大減小，頂管的可靠性也相應(yīng)提高。</p><p>　　1.5.2 頂管糾偏技術(shù)要點(diǎn)</p><p>　　糾偏操作方案應(yīng)是頂管司機(jī)交接班討論的重點(diǎn)。方案的依據(jù)為測量提供的機(jī)頭折角、傾斜儀基數(shù)和走動(dòng)趨勢(shì)、前后尺讀數(shù)比較、機(jī)尾處地面沉降量等等。0.5 度以上

76、的大動(dòng)作糾偏須盡量避免并慎重討論，不得已時(shí)也應(yīng)爭取在非重要地段進(jìn)行并加強(qiáng)觀測。糾偏動(dòng)作后如無折角變動(dòng)應(yīng)即停頂，會(huì)同電工、機(jī)修工檢查電路和液壓管路，盡早排除故障，嚴(yán)防軸線超差。糾偏應(yīng)在下管后盡早進(jìn)行，注意觀察傾斜儀讀數(shù)的糾后趨勢(shì)及光點(diǎn)滯后變化，同時(shí)通知地面和地下壓漿人員加大同步壓漿量。</p><p>　　1.5.3 沉降控制措施要點(diǎn)</p><p>　　在頂管施工前，必須摸清管線或構(gòu)筑物

77、的標(biāo)高及位置。制訂切實(shí)可行的保護(hù)措施，并取得對(duì)方的認(rèn)可才能施工，確保管線及構(gòu)筑物安全。</p><p>　　地面監(jiān)測，優(yōu)化掘進(jìn)機(jī)參數(shù)</p><p>　　線上方每隔3m 布設(shè)一個(gè)沉降控制樁。通過地表監(jiān)測得到隆沉量與相對(duì)應(yīng)的掘進(jìn)機(jī)主參數(shù)（包括推進(jìn)速度、開挖面土壓力值，出土率等）進(jìn)行比較，從而優(yōu)化掘進(jìn)機(jī)參數(shù)，指導(dǎo)以后的頂管推進(jìn)。</p><p><b>　　2

78、） 注漿穩(wěn)定措施</b></p><p>　　除了在初始推進(jìn)階段，優(yōu)化推進(jìn)參數(shù)以外，在頂進(jìn)過程中加強(qiáng)同步注漿也是有效手段之一，必須盡可能將膨潤土泥漿套隨機(jī)頭向前移動(dòng)，形成連續(xù)的環(huán)狀漿套。要選擇觸變性能良好的膨潤土制漿材料。</p><p>　　1.5.4 測量儀器配備與檢驗(yàn)</p><p>　　頂管施工需進(jìn)行三維動(dòng)態(tài)測量，其精度要求特別高，必須采用精度

79、高，性能優(yōu)良的測量儀器。為此，配備了全站儀（側(cè)角精度+2”量距3 mm）NA2 水準(zhǔn)儀等精密儀器。</p><p>　　1.5.5 頂管過程中的應(yīng)急措施</p><p>　　1） 對(duì)開挖面的土體進(jìn)行改良的技術(shù)措施為了對(duì)正面的土體進(jìn)行改良， 在機(jī)頭迎土面的上部布置了注漿</p><p>　　管。頂進(jìn)時(shí)，通過注漿管向土體內(nèi)壓注一定量的泥漿并經(jīng)刀盤攪拌后，可以有效地改良

80、正面的土體，使出土保持順暢。</p><p>　　2） 管節(jié)止轉(zhuǎn)的技術(shù)措施</p><p>　　頂進(jìn)時(shí)機(jī)頭在刀盤及螺旋機(jī)的作用下會(huì)發(fā)生旋轉(zhuǎn)，而機(jī)頭旋轉(zhuǎn)尤其是轉(zhuǎn)角偏大時(shí)會(huì)對(duì)頂進(jìn)造成不利影響，因此對(duì)工具管要采取糾轉(zhuǎn)措施。在機(jī)頭前方筒的水平二側(cè)焊翼板，長1.8 m 寬30 mm，厚25 mm，以防止機(jī)頭旋轉(zhuǎn)。對(duì)機(jī)頭的旋轉(zhuǎn)主要采用加壓重塊的方法。在機(jī)頭二側(cè)</p><p>

81、　　在初始推進(jìn)階段，要精心組織地表監(jiān)測，在軸焊壓塊支架，1＃ 與6＃ 管二側(cè)亦焊壓鐵支架。二側(cè)先平均放壓塊，共60 t。一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)機(jī)頭有微小偏轉(zhuǎn)，立即將壓鐵移到另一側(cè)。</p><p>　　3 非開挖技術(shù)前景和存在的問題</p><p>　　隨著目前城市化進(jìn)程的推進(jìn)，原有管道的老化, 地下管道修復(fù)的工程量將逐年加大, 而使用非開挖法進(jìn)行修復(fù)的技術(shù)也必將受到重視。僅以地下管道的總體而言, 一

82、般城區(qū)范圍內(nèi)各類地下管線長度約4.3萬公里。其中液化石油氣管道261km, 天然氣管道8630km, 供水管道7000km, 供熱管道7048km, 排水及其它管道7523km。不算通訊電纜, 僅就液化石油氣管道、天然氣管道、供水管道、供熱管道、排水管道就超過30000Km。按照管道壽命為50年計(jì)算, 每年將有600Km 的管道需要修復(fù)或更換, 而目前一般城市一年內(nèi)非開挖施工量總和尚不200Km，另外現(xiàn)如今各大城市紛紛修建地鐵緩解交通壓