2023年全國(guó)碩士研究生考試考研英語(yǔ)一試題真題(含答案詳解+作文范文)_第1頁(yè)
已閱讀1頁(yè),還剩12頁(yè)未讀 繼續(xù)免費(fèi)閱讀

下載本文檔

版權(quán)說(shuō)明:本文檔由用戶提供并上傳,收益歸屬內(nèi)容提供方,若內(nèi)容存在侵權(quán),請(qǐng)進(jìn)行舉報(bào)或認(rèn)領(lǐng)

文檔簡(jiǎn)介

1、<p><b>  中文6240字</b></p><p>  The Use and History of Crane</p><p>  Every time we see a crane in action we remains without words, these machines are sometimes really huge, takin

2、g up tons of material hundreds of meters in height. We watch with amazement and a bit of terror, thinking about what would happen if the load comes off or if the movement of the crane was wrong. It is a really fascinatin

3、g system, surprising both adults and children. These are especially tower cranes, but in reality there are plenty of types and they are in use for centuries. The cranes ar</p><p>  Crane is the modernization

4、 of the production process essential tool, but also reasonable production indispensable for production equipment. Production safety and reduce accidents more prominent role.Along with the scale of production expansion, t

5、he automaticity enhancement, took the material transporting important equipment the hoist crane applies in the modernization production process more and more broadly, the function is increasingly big, more and more is al

6、so high to the hoist crane request</p><p>  Tower Crane (hereinafter referred to the tower crane), as the main construction site of construction machinery, lifting its height, covering a wide range of featur

7、es have been widely used in building construction site, charged with the task of the main vertical transportation. But also because of their high center of gravity and danger of the characteristics of large, often in thi

8、s or that safety accidents, to people's lives and property losses. Serious and even fatal plane to crash occurred, Qu</p><p>  1. Data Management </p><p>  Construction enterprises or tower

9、crane tower crane should be the owner of the production license, product certification and entry permits, the use of brochures, electrical schematics, plans hydraulic system, drivers operating permit, the tower crane fou

10、ndation plans, geological prospecting, Tap-entry programme, security technology Jiaodi, the main components of the warranty (rope, high-strength connecting bolts, Anchor Bolt and major electrical components, etc.) to the

11、 tower crane at the test c</p><p>  2. Enables management </p><p>  Dismantling the tower crane accident is the multi-stage. Because of improper removal and installation of substandard quality a

12、nd safety incidents caused by a large proportion. Tap-entry must be the qualified entry units operating, but also in quality of the installation in the demolition. Enables staff to undergo special operations training, a

13、certain experience and the holder of the entry posts, and to complete all trades staff, positions clearly, carry out their duties and obey the unified com</p><p>  3. Tower crane foundation </p><p

14、>  Tower crane tower crane is based on the fundamental Practice has proved that many major accidents are due to tower crane foundation problems caused, it is affecting the overall stability of the tower crane an impor

15、tant factor. Some of the accident site due to搶period, not enough strength in the concrete circumstances and hastily installed, and some accidents are due to lack of endurance, and some because of the excavation near the

16、foundation and even lead to a landslide displacement, or because o</p><p>  4. Safe distance </p><p>  Crane in the layout of the time to draw the floor plan, especially in real estate developme

17、nt area, residential buildings, such as the forest of tower crane, to be considered a safe distance from the adjacent tower crane, in the horizontal and vertical direction to ensure that not less than 2 m in Safe distanc

18、e between adjacent shaft and the tower crane boom can not interfere in, as far as possible ensure that tower cranes in the wind too much free time rotation. After the tower crane arm and th</p><p>  The tran

19、smission line tower crane with a safe distance from the inadequate to the requirements of Table 1 tower-based protection,protection-Erection blackout in principle to Erection, shall not use metal materials, the use of ma

20、terials such as bamboo pole. Bamboo pole and the distance transmission lines not less than 1 m to a certain extent the stability of the strength to prevent wind blown over. In order to ensure a safe distance from the rea

21、ch above regulatory requirements, particularly in th</p><p>  5. Safety devices </p><p>  In order to ensure the normal and the tower crane safety, we mandatory requirement in the tower crane at

22、 the time of installation must have the required safety devices, are: lifting torque limiter, from the weight limiter, a high degree of spacing devices, the rate limit, Rotary limit, hook insurance unit, reel insurance u

23、nit, wind anemometer, wire rope from slot insurance, car-breaking rope devices, car-and off-axis devices such as buffers. These safety devices to ensure the integrity of its se</p><p>  6. Stability </p&g

24、t;<p>  At the bottom of the tower crane with a high degree of support ratio of greater size, and the shaft of the high center of gravity, torque, braking from the frequent impact of the large, in order to increas

25、e its stability, we will have to rollover of the main tower crane There are several: First, overloading. Different models of the crane usually used mainly lifting torque control, or when the work rate of increase over th

26、e corresponding rated heavy load, the weight of the collapse of its torque </p><p>  7. Electrical Safety </p><p>  In accordance with the "construction safety inspection standards" (J

27、GJ59-99) requirements, the tower crane for switching me to meet "a gateway for a case of a leak" and leakage protection for the release rated current action should be not more than 30 mA, Rated action for less

28、than 0.1 s. Distribution was the driver of the room may not be exposed outside. Electric counters should be intact, closed tight, full locks, cabinet electrical components should be intact, clear lines, sensitive and rel

29、ia</p><p>  8. Installation of the wall</p><p>  When the tower crane over its high degree of independence when the erection of walls to be installed to increase the stability of the tower crane

30、. Installation of the wall in accordance with the requirements specification tower crane erection, and the spacing of the wall above the wall of a high degree of freedom can not be arbitrary long, long wall of the suppor

31、t of other design and should be calculated on the strength and stability to the recalculations. Attached to the framework of maintainin</p><p>  9. Safe operation </p><p>  Management of the tow

32、er crane is the key driver of the management. Operators must be healthy and understanding mechanical structure and working principle, familiar with the mechanical principle, maintenance rules, the holder posts. Drivers m

33、ust be in accordance with the regulations of the crane for maintenance work, a high degree of sense of responsibility, seriously for cleaning, lubrication, fastening, adjustment, anti-corrosion work, not to drink operati

34、ons, fatigue or ill may not be operatin</p><p>  10. Security checks </p><p>  Before and after the installation of tower cranes in and day-to-day use should it be checked. Metal welding on the

35、structure shall not be cracking, metal structure may not be plastic deformation, connecting bolts, Pin quality to meet the requirements, the only retreat, anti-loose, bolt to regular staff Preload, wire rope lubricant in

36、 good condition, a few broken wires can not And will never allow off shares, shall not be plastic deformation, Shengka joints meet the standard, and the slowdown in </p><p>  11. Exit mechanism </p>&

37、lt;p>  Out of state specifically to resolutely ban on the use of models, disrepair tower crane in the identification restored to restrict the use of load, the tower crane's life there is no uniform standards, dive

38、rgent across the different provisions in concentration, some Manufacturer of construction enterprises in order to meet the requirements, and expand sales, occupying the market, a high degree of independence will increase

39、, the boom will be extended to increase the coverage of the tower crane, t</p><p>  12.Concluding remarks </p><p>  Through the strengthening of the tower crane over several aspects of the safet

40、y management, can effectively prevent the use of tower cranes in the course of various incidents, a prevention purposes. Practice has proved that as long as the various construction companies, manufacturers, construction

41、 administrative departments, the tower crane testing organizations can do all aspects in accordance with the above, to strengthen the security tower crane special projects, will be able to effectively c</p><p&

42、gt;  The Research on Intelligence Security Monitoring Systems in Construction Machinery</p><p>  With the rapid development of microelectronic technique, sensor technique and single-chip microprocessor, and

43、their wide application in construction machinery, it has been urgent that security monitoring and malfunction alerting system with high reliability and quality must be installed on construction machinery, which can real-

44、time monitor the working condition and predict its malfunction. In research, information and existing domestic and international engineering machinery safety monitoring s</p><p>  With the development of the

45、 architecture industry in recent years, tower cranes are offered the best opportunities for developing which they have never met. But when the number of tower cranes increases rapidly, the number of the tower- cranes acc

46、idents also increases in large quantity. Reduce the tower crane accidents, improve safety performance and tower crane operating efficiency imminent. To this end to a sensor technology, computer technology and measurement

47、 and control technology, research</p><p>  Stability of the Jack-up Equipment and Safe Protection Systematic Application Study</p><p>  Comparing with safe performance of foreign advanced engine

48、ering machinery product, ours is bad in performance, low in automation intelligent degree and high rate in crash accident. So crane is selected as an reseearch object to reasearch its safe system and automation intellige

49、nce, which is used largely in construction. Through the first factor affecting the stability of the theoretical analysis with reference to advanced foreign technology, the Chinese crane equipment security system torque l

50、im</p><p><b>  起重機(jī)的歷史與用途</b></p><p>  每當(dāng)我們看到一臺(tái)正在運(yùn)作的起重機(jī),我們都會(huì)驚訝不已,這些機(jī)器有時(shí)碩大無(wú)比,能把成噸的貨物提升到半空中。看到這些龐然大物的時(shí)候我們心理都帶著一種驚愕,有時(shí)甚至是有一點(diǎn)恐懼的心情,我們會(huì)去想如果吊著著的東西掉下來(lái)了或者是起重機(jī)吊錯(cuò)了位置會(huì)發(fā)生什么樣恐怖的事情。起重機(jī)的確是一種令人著迷的機(jī)械系

51、統(tǒng),無(wú)論是成人或者是孩子無(wú)不為止驚嘆。起重機(jī)的種類五花八門,并且歷史悠久。起重機(jī)是用一個(gè)或者幾個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的機(jī)器來(lái)組成一個(gè)機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)并用于運(yùn)送那些人無(wú)法搬動(dòng)的物品。一般來(lái)說(shuō),起重機(jī)由一個(gè)卷筒、一束金屬繩或者是一條金屬鏈組成用來(lái)同時(shí)提升、放置或者是水平移動(dòng)貨物。起重機(jī)的工作領(lǐng)域一般是在需要裝卸貨物的運(yùn)輸業(yè)、需要搬運(yùn)建材的建筑業(yè)和需要組裝重型設(shè)備的制造業(yè)。</p><p>  起重機(jī)械是現(xiàn)代化生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中必不可少的輔助工具,也

52、是合理組織生產(chǎn)不可缺少的生產(chǎn)設(shè)備。對(duì)安全生產(chǎn)、減少事故更有顯著作用。隨著生產(chǎn)規(guī)模的擴(kuò)大,自動(dòng)化程度的提高,作為物料搬運(yùn)重要設(shè)備的起重機(jī)在現(xiàn)代化生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中應(yīng)用越來(lái)越廣,作用愈來(lái)愈大,對(duì)起重機(jī)的要求也越來(lái)越高,科學(xué)技術(shù)的飛速發(fā)展,推動(dòng)了現(xiàn)代設(shè)計(jì)和制造能力的提高,激烈的國(guó)際市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)也越來(lái)越依賴于技術(shù)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。這些都促使起重機(jī)的技術(shù)性能進(jìn)入嶄新的發(fā)展階段,起重機(jī)正經(jīng)歷著一場(chǎng)巨大的變革。塔式起重機(jī)作為建筑施工的重要象征與主要運(yùn)輸機(jī)械 ,在建筑業(yè)得到

53、了廣泛應(yīng)用。它的工作特點(diǎn)是 ,根據(jù)建筑需要將物品在很大空間內(nèi)升降和搬運(yùn) ,屬危險(xiǎn)作業(yè)。因此 ,如果在塔式起重機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)、制造、安裝、使用和維修等環(huán)節(jié)上略有疏忽 ,就可能造成人員傷亡和設(shè)備事故。在實(shí)際工作中 ,如何提高塔式起重機(jī)的本質(zhì)安全 ,如何合理地使用和管理好塔式起重機(jī) ,讓塔式起重機(jī)更好地發(fā)揮作用 ,是建筑業(yè)亟待解決的難題之一。</p><p>  塔式起重機(jī)(以下簡(jiǎn)稱塔機(jī))作為建筑施工現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的主要建筑機(jī)械,因其

54、起升高度大,覆蓋面廣等特點(diǎn)而被廣泛使用于建筑施工現(xiàn)場(chǎng),擔(dān)負(fù)著主要的垂直運(yùn)輸任務(wù)。同時(shí)又因?yàn)槠渚哂兄匦母摺⑽kU(xiǎn)性大等特點(diǎn),經(jīng)常會(huì)發(fā)生這樣或那樣的安全事故,給人民的生命財(cái)產(chǎn)造成損失。嚴(yán)重的,甚至?xí)l(fā)生機(jī)毀人亡、群死群傷的重大事故。因而,如何加強(qiáng)塔機(jī)的安全使用和管理引起了生產(chǎn)廠家、建筑施工企業(yè)以及建設(shè)行政管理部門的高度重視。本文將從如下向個(gè)方面結(jié)合自己多年的使用、管理和檢測(cè)經(jīng)驗(yàn),就塔機(jī)的安全使用和管理做淺顯的探討,一起更好地把這項(xiàng)工作做好。&

55、lt;/p><p><b>  1.資料管理</b></p><p>  施工企業(yè)或塔機(jī)機(jī)主應(yīng)將塔機(jī)的生產(chǎn)許可證、產(chǎn)品合格證、拆裝許可證、使用說(shuō)明書、電氣原理圖、液壓系統(tǒng)圖、司機(jī)操作證、塔機(jī)基礎(chǔ)圖、地質(zhì)勘察資料、塔機(jī)拆裝方案、安全技術(shù)交底、主要零部件質(zhì)保書(鋼絲繩、高強(qiáng)連接螺栓、地腳螺栓及主要電氣元件等)報(bào)給塔機(jī)檢測(cè)中心,經(jīng)塔機(jī)檢測(cè)中心檢測(cè)合格后,獲得安全使用證,以及安裝

56、好以后同項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理部的交接記錄,同時(shí)在日常使用中要加強(qiáng)對(duì)塔機(jī)的動(dòng)態(tài)跟蹤管理,作好臺(tái)班記錄、檢查記錄和維修保養(yǎng)記錄(包括小修、中修、大修)并有相關(guān)責(zé)任人簽字,在維修的過(guò)程中所更換的材料及易損件要有合格證或質(zhì)量保證書,并將上述材料及時(shí)整理歸檔,建立一機(jī)一檔臺(tái)帳。</p><p><b>  2.拆裝管理</b></p><p>  塔機(jī)的拆裝是事故的多發(fā)階段。因拆裝不當(dāng)和安

57、裝質(zhì)量不合格而引起的安全事故占有很大的比重。塔機(jī)拆裝必須要具有資質(zhì)的拆裝單位進(jìn)行作業(yè),而且要在資質(zhì)范圍內(nèi)從事安裝拆卸。拆裝人員要經(jīng)過(guò)專門的業(yè)務(wù)培訓(xùn),有一定的拆裝經(jīng)驗(yàn)并持證上崗,同時(shí)要各工種人員齊全,崗位明確,各司其職,聽從統(tǒng)一指揮,在調(diào)試的過(guò)程中,專業(yè)電工的技術(shù)水平和責(zé)任心很重要,電工要持電工證和起重工證,我們通過(guò)對(duì)大量的塔機(jī)檢測(cè)資料進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì),發(fā)現(xiàn)我市某拆裝單位今年到目前一共安裝54臺(tái)塔機(jī),而首檢不合格47臺(tái),首檢合格率僅為13%,其中

58、大多是由于安裝電工的安裝技術(shù)水平較差,拆裝單位疏于管理,安全意識(shí)尚有待進(jìn)一步提高。因此,我們對(duì)該單位進(jìn)行了加強(qiáng)業(yè)務(wù)培訓(xùn)的專項(xiàng)治理,并取得了良好的效果。另外還由于拆裝市場(chǎng)拆裝費(fèi)用不按照預(yù)算價(jià)格,甚至出現(xiàn)400~500元安裝一臺(tái)塔機(jī),這也導(dǎo)致安裝質(zhì)量下降的一個(gè)重要原因。拆裝要編制專項(xiàng)的拆裝方案,方案要有安裝單位技術(shù)負(fù)責(zé)人審核簽字,并向拆裝單位參與拆裝的警戒區(qū)和警戒線,安排專人指揮,無(wú)關(guān)人員禁止入場(chǎng),嚴(yán)格按照拆裝程序和說(shuō)明書的要求進(jìn)行作業(yè),當(dāng)

59、遇風(fēng)力超過(guò)4級(jí)要停止拆裝,風(fēng)力超過(guò)6級(jí)塔機(jī)要停止起重作業(yè)。特殊情況確實(shí)需要在夜</p><p><b>  3.塔機(jī)基礎(chǔ)</b></p><p>  塔機(jī)基礎(chǔ)是塔機(jī)的根本,實(shí)踐證明有不少重大安全事故都是由于塔吊基礎(chǔ)存在問(wèn)題而引起的,它是影響塔吊整體穩(wěn)定性的一個(gè)重要因素。有的事故是由于工地為了搶工期,在混凝土強(qiáng)度不夠的情況下而草率安裝,有的事故是由于地耐力不夠,有的是由

60、于在基礎(chǔ)附近開挖而導(dǎo)致甚至滑坡產(chǎn)生位移,或是由于積水而產(chǎn)生不均勻的沉降等等,諸如此類,都會(huì)造成嚴(yán)重的安全事故。必須引起我們的高度重視,來(lái)不得半點(diǎn)含糊,塔吊的穩(wěn)定性就是塔吊抗傾覆的能力,塔吊最大的事故就是傾翻倒塌。做塔吊基礎(chǔ)的時(shí)候,一定要確保地耐力符合設(shè)計(jì)要求,鋼筋混凝土的強(qiáng)度至少達(dá)到設(shè)計(jì)值的80%。有地下室工程的塔吊基礎(chǔ)要采取特別的處理措施:有的要在基礎(chǔ)下打樁,并將樁端的鋼筋與基礎(chǔ)地腳螺栓牢固的焊接在一起?;炷粱A(chǔ)底面要平整夯實(shí),基礎(chǔ)

61、底部不能作成鍋底狀?;A(chǔ)的地腳螺栓尺寸誤差必須嚴(yán)格按照基礎(chǔ)圖的要求施工,地腳螺栓要保持足夠的露出地面的長(zhǎng)度,每個(gè)地腳螺栓要雙螺帽預(yù)緊。在安裝前要對(duì)基礎(chǔ)表面進(jìn)行處理,保證基礎(chǔ)的水平度不能超過(guò)1/1000。同時(shí)塔吊基礎(chǔ)不得積水,積水會(huì)造成塔吊基礎(chǔ)的不均勻沉降。在塔吊基礎(chǔ)附近內(nèi)不得隨意挖坑或開溝。</p><p><b>  4.安全距離</b></p><p>  塔吊在

62、平面布置的時(shí)候要繪制平面圖,尤其是房地產(chǎn)開發(fā)小區(qū),住宅樓多,塔吊如林,更要考慮相鄰塔吊的安全距離,在水平和垂直兩個(gè)方向上都要保證不少于2m的安全距離,相鄰塔機(jī)的塔身和起重臂不能發(fā)生干涉,盡量保證塔機(jī)在風(fēng)力過(guò)大時(shí)能自由旋轉(zhuǎn)。塔機(jī)后臂與相鄰建筑物之間的安全距離不少于50cm。塔機(jī)與輸電線之間的安全距離符合要求?! ∷C(jī)與輸電線的安全距離不夠表1要求的要塔設(shè)防護(hù)架,防護(hù)架搭設(shè)原則上要停電搭設(shè),不得使用金屬材料,可使用竹竿等材料。竹竿與輸電線

63、的距離不得小于1m還要有一定的穩(wěn)定性的強(qiáng)度,防止大風(fēng)吹倒。為了確保以上幾個(gè)安全距離達(dá)到規(guī)范要求,尤其在成片小區(qū)施工時(shí),我們?cè)谄綍r(shí)的安全檢查中,將我們的工作重心前移,在工程開工的時(shí)候要求施工企業(yè)將現(xiàn)場(chǎng)施工機(jī)械的總平面合理布置好以后報(bào)給我們,對(duì)于不同施工企業(yè)不好相互協(xié)調(diào)的,就通知建設(shè)設(shè)單位統(tǒng)一協(xié)調(diào),例如,在今年我們對(duì)市區(qū)香溢房地產(chǎn)小區(qū)、杏壇花園小區(qū)、頤和花園小區(qū)等施工現(xiàn)場(chǎng)都進(jìn)行了專項(xiàng)治理取得了良好的效果。</p><p&

64、gt;<b>  5.安全裝置</b></p><p>  為了保證塔機(jī)的正常與安全使用,我們強(qiáng)制性要求塔機(jī)在安裝時(shí)必須具備規(guī)定的安全裝置,主要有:起重力矩限制器、起重量限制器、高度限位裝置、幅度限位器、回轉(zhuǎn)限位器、吊鉤保險(xiǎn)裝置、卷筒保險(xiǎn)裝置、風(fēng)向風(fēng)速儀、鋼絲繩脫槽保險(xiǎn)、小車防斷繩裝置、小車防斷軸裝置和緩沖器等。這些安全裝置要確保它的完好與靈敏可靠。在使用中如發(fā)現(xiàn)損壞應(yīng)及時(shí)維修更換,不得私自

65、解除或任意調(diào)節(jié),2003年4月20日,我市灌云縣一工地塔機(jī)司機(jī)擅自將力矩限制器拆除,在超載時(shí)作業(yè)導(dǎo)致塔機(jī)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)節(jié)角鋼開裂,塔機(jī)起重臂傾覆,幸虧發(fā)現(xiàn)及時(shí),沒有人員傷亡。又如7月16日南通三建公司在北京施工導(dǎo)致2死3傷的重大塔機(jī)傾覆事故也是由于違章調(diào)大力矩限制器超載作業(yè)引起的,這些血的教訓(xùn)不能不引起我們對(duì)塔機(jī)安全保險(xiǎn)裝置的高度重視。</p><p><b>  6.穩(wěn)定性</b></p>

66、;<p>  塔式起重機(jī)高度與底部支承尺寸比值較大,且塔身的重心高、扭矩大、起制動(dòng)頻繁、沖擊力大,為了增加它的穩(wěn)定性,我們就要分析塔機(jī)傾翻的主要原因有以下幾條:一、超載。不同型號(hào)的起重機(jī)通常采用起重力矩為主控制,當(dāng)工作幅度加大或重物超過(guò)相應(yīng)的額定荷載時(shí),重物的傾覆力矩超過(guò)它的穩(wěn)定力矩,就有可能造成塔機(jī)倒塌。二、斜吊。斜吊重物時(shí)會(huì)加大它的傾覆力矩,在起吊點(diǎn)處會(huì)產(chǎn)生水平分力和垂直分力,在塔吊底部支承點(diǎn)會(huì)產(chǎn)生一個(gè)附加的傾覆力矩,

67、從而減少了穩(wěn)定系數(shù),造成塔吊倒塌。三、塔吊基礎(chǔ)不平,地耐力不夠,垂直度誤差過(guò)大也會(huì)造成塔吊的傾覆力矩增大,使塔吊穩(wěn)定性減少。因此,我們要從這些關(guān)鍵性的因素出發(fā)來(lái)嚴(yán)格檢查檢測(cè)把關(guān),預(yù)防重大的設(shè)備人身安全事故。</p><p><b>  7.電氣安全</b></p><p>  按照《建筑施工安全檢查標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》(JGJ59-99)要求,塔吊的專用開關(guān)箱也要滿足“一機(jī)一閘一漏

68、一箱”的要求,漏電保護(hù)器的脫扣額定動(dòng)作電流應(yīng)不大于30mA,額定動(dòng)作時(shí)間不超過(guò)0.1s。司機(jī)室里的配電盤不得裸露在外。電氣柜應(yīng)完好,關(guān)閉嚴(yán)密、門鎖齊全,柜內(nèi)電氣元件應(yīng)完好,線路清晰,操作控制機(jī)構(gòu)靈敏可靠,各限位開關(guān)性能良好,定期安排專業(yè)電工進(jìn)行檢查維修。</p><p><b>  8.附墻裝置</b></p><p>  當(dāng)塔機(jī)超過(guò)它的獨(dú)立高度的時(shí)候要架設(shè)附墻裝置,

69、以增加塔機(jī)的穩(wěn)定性。附墻裝置要按照塔機(jī)說(shuō)明書的要求架設(shè),附墻間距和附墻點(diǎn)以上的自由高度不能任意超長(zhǎng),超長(zhǎng)的附墻支撐應(yīng)另外設(shè)計(jì)并有計(jì)算書,進(jìn)行強(qiáng)度和穩(wěn)定性的驗(yàn)算。附著框架保持水平、固定牢靠與附著桿在同一水平面上,與建筑物之間連接牢固,附著后附著點(diǎn)以下塔身的垂直度不大于2/1000,附著點(diǎn)以上垂直度不大于3/1000。與建筑物的連接點(diǎn)應(yīng)選在混凝土柱上或混凝土圈梁上。用預(yù)埋件或過(guò)墻螺栓與建筑物結(jié)構(gòu)有效連接。有些施工企業(yè)用膨脹螺栓代替預(yù)埋件,還

70、有用纜風(fēng)繩代替附著支撐,這些都是十分危險(xiǎn)的。</p><p><b>  9.安全操作</b></p><p>  塔式起重機(jī)管理的關(guān)鍵還是對(duì)司機(jī)的管理。操作人員必須身體健康,了解機(jī)械構(gòu)造和工作原理,熟悉機(jī)械原理、保養(yǎng)規(guī)則,持證上崗。司機(jī)必須按規(guī)定對(duì)起重機(jī)作好保養(yǎng)工作,有高度的責(zé)任心,認(rèn)真作好清潔、潤(rùn)滑、緊固、調(diào)整、防腐等工作,不得酒后作業(yè),不得帶病或疲勞作業(yè),嚴(yán)格按

71、照塔吊機(jī)械操作規(guī)程和塔吊“十不準(zhǔn)、十不吊”進(jìn)行操作,不得違章作業(yè)、野蠻操作,有權(quán)拒絕違章指揮,夜間作業(yè)要有足夠的照明。塔機(jī)平時(shí)的安全使用關(guān)鍵在操作工的技術(shù)水平和責(zé)任心,檢查維修關(guān)鍵在機(jī)械和電氣維修工。我們要牢固樹立以人為本的思想。</p><p><b>  10.安全檢查</b></p><p>  塔式起重機(jī)在安裝前后和日常使用中都要對(duì)它進(jìn)行檢查。金屬結(jié)構(gòu)焊逢不得

72、開裂,金屬結(jié)構(gòu)不得塑性變形,連接螺栓、銷軸質(zhì)量符合要求,在止退、防松的措施,連接螺栓要定期安排人員預(yù)緊,鋼絲繩潤(rùn)滑保養(yǎng)良好,斷絲數(shù)不得超標(biāo),絕不允許斷股,不得塑性變形,繩卡接頭符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn),減速箱和油缸不得漏油,液壓系統(tǒng)壓力正常,剎車制動(dòng)和限位保險(xiǎn)靈敏可靠,傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)潤(rùn)滑良好,安全裝置齊全可靠,電氣控制線路絕緣良好。尤其要督促塔機(jī)司機(jī)、維修電工和機(jī)械維修工要經(jīng)常進(jìn)行檢查,要著重檢查鋼絲繩、吊鉤、各傳動(dòng)件、限位保險(xiǎn)裝置等易損件,發(fā)現(xiàn)問(wèn)題立即處理

73、,做到定人、定時(shí)間、定措施,嚴(yán)格杜絕機(jī)械帶病作業(yè)。</p><p><b>  11.退出機(jī)制</b></p><p>  國(guó)家明令淘汰機(jī)型要堅(jiān)決禁止使用,年久失修塔機(jī)在鑒定修復(fù)后要限制荷載使用,對(duì)于塔機(jī)的使用年限沒有統(tǒng)一標(biāo)準(zhǔn),眾說(shuō)紛紜,各地有不同的規(guī)定,都在濃度之中,有些生產(chǎn)廠家為了迎合施工企業(yè)的要求,擴(kuò)大銷售,占領(lǐng)市場(chǎng),將獨(dú)立高度加大,將起重臂加長(zhǎng)以增加塔機(jī)覆蓋面

74、,這樣一來(lái)勢(shì)必降低塔機(jī)穩(wěn)定性,減少額定起重量,增加不安全的因素。還有一些私自改裝的塔機(jī)及私人從事組憑的塔機(jī),這部分塔機(jī)年代較久,二手購(gòu)進(jìn)價(jià)格便宜,不愿意多投入資金維修,因而故障頻出,這些都應(yīng)引起我們的高度重視,我們應(yīng)該實(shí)事求是、因地制宜,在廣泛征求各方意見的基礎(chǔ)上出臺(tái)相關(guān)的配套政策解決這一問(wèn)題。</p><p><b>  12總結(jié)</b></p><p>  通過(guò)加

75、強(qiáng)對(duì)塔機(jī)以上幾個(gè)方面的安全管理,能夠有效的預(yù)防塔機(jī)使用過(guò)程中的各種事故的發(fā)生,起到防患于未然的目的。實(shí)踐證明,只要各個(gè)施工企業(yè)、生產(chǎn)廠家、建筑行政主管部門、塔機(jī)檢測(cè)機(jī)構(gòu)都能按照上述各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)來(lái)做,加強(qiáng)塔機(jī)的安全專項(xiàng)治理,就能夠有效控制重大塔機(jī)安全事故的發(fā)生。</p><p>  起重機(jī)的安全檢測(cè)系統(tǒng)</p><p>  隨著電子技術(shù)、傳感器技術(shù)和單片機(jī)技術(shù)的飛速發(fā)展及其在工程機(jī)械的中廣泛運(yùn)用

76、,給工程機(jī)械配備可靠性高、性能完善的安全性能監(jiān)測(cè)與隱患預(yù)警系統(tǒng),對(duì)工程機(jī)械的工作運(yùn)行狀態(tài)進(jìn)行實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)測(cè)和故障的準(zhǔn)確預(yù)報(bào),已成當(dāng)務(wù)之需。在研究、參考國(guó)內(nèi)外工程機(jī)械現(xiàn)有安全監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng)的基礎(chǔ)上,充分利用現(xiàn)代電子、計(jì)算機(jī)、傳感測(cè)控等方面的技術(shù)成果,開發(fā)了一套新的安全智能監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng)。本系統(tǒng)不僅具有檢測(cè)、控制、超限報(bào)警等常規(guī)功能,而且具有點(diǎn)陣LCD中文顯示功能和數(shù)據(jù)記錄功能,具有較高的智能水平。 在致力于完善系統(tǒng)功能、提高系統(tǒng)先進(jìn)性和可靠性的同時(shí),本文運(yùn)

77、用了“模塊化”設(shè)計(jì)思想,用戶可根據(jù)不同工程機(jī)械的具體情況動(dòng)態(tài)地增刪信息采集點(diǎn),而無(wú)需對(duì)主機(jī)系統(tǒng)硬件作任何的變動(dòng)。整個(gè)系統(tǒng)由一個(gè)主機(jī)和幾個(gè)子機(jī)系統(tǒng)組成,主機(jī)與子機(jī)之間運(yùn)用無(wú)線通信技術(shù)實(shí)現(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)的傳送。子機(jī)完成信息采集點(diǎn)的信號(hào)采集和A/D轉(zhuǎn)換等功能,然后通過(guò)無(wú)線通信將數(shù)據(jù)傳輸給主機(jī)。系統(tǒng)主機(jī)可將預(yù)設(shè)值通過(guò)鍵盤輸入并傳送給子機(jī),同進(jìn)對(duì)各子機(jī)采集的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行計(jì)算、判斷處理后,將結(jié)果送往LCD顯示和報(bào)警處理。</p><p>

78、  近年來(lái),建筑業(yè)的迅速發(fā)展,為塔式起重機(jī)的發(fā)展創(chuàng)造了前所未有的發(fā)展機(jī)會(huì),但同時(shí)也提出了挑戰(zhàn),塔機(jī)安全事故隨著起重機(jī)數(shù)量的猛增而頻繁發(fā)生。減少塔機(jī)事故,提高塔機(jī)安全性能和作業(yè)效率迫在眉睫。為此,出現(xiàn)了以傳感器技術(shù)、計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)和測(cè)控技術(shù)為基礎(chǔ),研制開發(fā)塔機(jī)狀態(tài)實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)控系統(tǒng),使其更安全、更有效、更平穩(wěn)地作業(yè)。完成了塔式起重機(jī)微機(jī)智能監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)的分析和研究,軟、硬件設(shè)計(jì)。以工業(yè)控制計(jì)算機(jī)為核心,采用視頻監(jiān)控技術(shù),通過(guò)CRT,一方面以圖像方式實(shí)況

79、直播塔機(jī)工作過(guò)程;另一方面,以數(shù)字形式動(dòng)態(tài)顯示塔機(jī)工作參數(shù)。以便駕駛員不看窗外,也能知道塔機(jī)工作狀態(tài)和運(yùn)行趨勢(shì)。針對(duì)塔機(jī)起升機(jī)構(gòu)運(yùn)行時(shí),存在機(jī)械沖擊、效率低下的缺點(diǎn),本文提出用模糊控制的方法,通過(guò)變頻器改變起升機(jī)構(gòu)電機(jī)電源頻率,從而調(diào)節(jié)主鉤速度,實(shí)現(xiàn)塔機(jī)起升機(jī)構(gòu)平穩(wěn)加速和減速,克服機(jī)械傳遞的惡性沖擊,提高塔機(jī)壽命和工作效率。另外,對(duì)于復(fù)雜的塔機(jī)系統(tǒng),為了能及時(shí)查出有故障裝置或單元模塊,以便及時(shí)把好的元件替換上去,需要對(duì)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行故障診斷。

80、</p><p>  起重設(shè)備的穩(wěn)定與安全防護(hù)控制系統(tǒng)應(yīng)用研究</p><p>  對(duì)我國(guó)工程機(jī)械較之國(guó)外先進(jìn)產(chǎn)品其安全性能差、自動(dòng)化智能化程度水平不高的現(xiàn)狀,本文選擇應(yīng)用面廣、應(yīng)用量大而事故率又較高的汽車起重機(jī)為研究對(duì)象,以工程應(yīng)用為目標(biāo),對(duì)起重機(jī)的安全防護(hù)系統(tǒng)及其自動(dòng)化智能化進(jìn)行了應(yīng)用研究。首先通過(guò)對(duì)影響其穩(wěn)定性因素的理論分析并參考國(guó)外先進(jìn)技術(shù),對(duì)國(guó)產(chǎn)起重機(jī)上裝備的安全防護(hù)系統(tǒng)力矩限制

81、器的的總體方案進(jìn)行了探討,確定采用以單片機(jī)為核心的數(shù)字模擬控制方式;其次就系統(tǒng)的硬件設(shè)計(jì)做了詳細(xì)的論述,包括對(duì)前向通道、后向通道、最小系統(tǒng)及其外圍擴(kuò)展、看門狗電路和人機(jī)交流等的參數(shù)論定和元器件選擇,并完成了力矩限制器的軟件功能實(shí)現(xiàn)及為提高系統(tǒng)抗干擾應(yīng)采取的軟硬件措施;論文還就起重機(jī)工作前的平衡調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng)的改進(jìn)作了探討,設(shè)計(jì)出結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單、性能可靠的平衡判定器和平衡判定調(diào)節(jié)器;再者,對(duì)起重機(jī)安全防護(hù)系統(tǒng)的觸電保護(hù)系統(tǒng)作了初步探討;在本文的最后,

82、將力矩限制器系統(tǒng)、工作前的平衡調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng)和觸電保護(hù)系統(tǒng)做成了一個(gè)綜合系統(tǒng),既提高了整個(gè)安全防護(hù)系統(tǒng)的性能,又簡(jiǎn)化了機(jī)構(gòu),易于操作和控制。</p><p>  由于工業(yè)生產(chǎn)規(guī)模不斷擴(kuò)大,生產(chǎn)效率日益提高,以及產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中物料裝卸搬運(yùn)費(fèi)用所占比例逐漸增加,促使大型或高速起重機(jī)的需求量不斷增長(zhǎng),起重量越來(lái)越大,工作速度越來(lái)越高,并對(duì)能耗和可靠性提出更高的要求。起重機(jī)已成為自動(dòng)化生產(chǎn)流程中的重要環(huán)節(jié)。起重機(jī)不但要容易操作

溫馨提示

  • 1. 本站所有資源如無(wú)特殊說(shuō)明,都需要本地電腦安裝OFFICE2007和PDF閱讀器。圖紙軟件為CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.壓縮文件請(qǐng)下載最新的WinRAR軟件解壓。
  • 2. 本站的文檔不包含任何第三方提供的附件圖紙等,如果需要附件,請(qǐng)聯(lián)系上傳者。文件的所有權(quán)益歸上傳用戶所有。
  • 3. 本站RAR壓縮包中若帶圖紙,網(wǎng)頁(yè)內(nèi)容里面會(huì)有圖紙預(yù)覽,若沒有圖紙預(yù)覽就沒有圖紙。
  • 4. 未經(jīng)權(quán)益所有人同意不得將文件中的內(nèi)容挪作商業(yè)或盈利用途。
  • 5. 眾賞文庫(kù)僅提供信息存儲(chǔ)空間,僅對(duì)用戶上傳內(nèi)容的表現(xiàn)方式做保護(hù)處理,對(duì)用戶上傳分享的文檔內(nèi)容本身不做任何修改或編輯,并不能對(duì)任何下載內(nèi)容負(fù)責(zé)。
  • 6. 下載文件中如有侵權(quán)或不適當(dāng)內(nèi)容,請(qǐng)與我們聯(lián)系,我們立即糾正。
  • 7. 本站不保證下載資源的準(zhǔn)確性、安全性和完整性, 同時(shí)也不承擔(dān)用戶因使用這些下載資源對(duì)自己和他人造成任何形式的傷害或損失。

評(píng)論

0/150

提交評(píng)論