外文翻譯---工序制訂與并行工程

1、<p><b>　　南 京 大 學(xué)</b></p><p>　　畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)外文資料翻譯</p><p>　　系　　部： 機(jī)械工程系 </p><p>　　專(zhuān) 業(yè)： 機(jī)械工程及自動(dòng)化 </p><p>　　姓 名：

2、 </p><p>　　學(xué) 號(hào)： </p><p>　　外文出處： Process Planning and Concurrent Engineering </p><p>　　附 件： 1.外文資料翻譯譯文；2.外文原文。 </p><p>　　附件1：外文資料翻譯譯文<

3、;/p><p><b>　　工序制訂與并行工程</b></p><p>　　產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)是用于產(chǎn)品，及它的部件裝配的計(jì)劃。為了把產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)轉(zhuǎn)化成一個(gè)實(shí)際存在的物體，這需要一個(gè)制造計(jì)劃，而制訂一個(gè)這樣的計(jì)劃的行動(dòng)就叫做工序制訂，它是產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)和制造之間的連接。工序制訂包括決定加工順序和制造產(chǎn)品所必須完成的裝配步驟。在這篇文章中，我們將對(duì)工序制訂和他的一些相關(guān)的主題進(jìn)行解釋。<

4、/p><p>　　首先，我們應(yīng)該區(qū)別在這篇文章中被反復(fù)提到的工序制訂和生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃。工序制訂與如何制造產(chǎn)品和它的零件等工程技術(shù)問(wèn)題有關(guān)。制造零件和裝配產(chǎn)品需要什么樣的設(shè)備和工具？工序制訂與產(chǎn)品制造物流管理有關(guān)系。它在工序制訂后面與原料分類(lèi)及獲得滿足制造充分?jǐn)?shù)量產(chǎn)品要求的資源有關(guān)。</p><p><b>　　工序制訂</b></p><p>　　工序制

5、訂包括決定最適當(dāng)?shù)闹圃旒把b配步驟和順序，可計(jì)劃的工序范圍和多樣性通常由于公司車(chē)間可用設(shè)備和技術(shù)能力而受到限制。在公司內(nèi)部不能夠制造的零件必須到外部市場(chǎng)購(gòu)買(mǎi)。工序制訂所提及的工序選擇同樣也受到詳細(xì)設(shè)計(jì)資料的限制。我們稍后將會(huì)回到這一點(diǎn)。</p><p>　　工序制訂通常是由制造工程師完成的。（工業(yè)工程師擁有其他權(quán)利。）工序制訂者必須熟悉工廠中詳細(xì)可用的制造流程并且能夠說(shuō)明工程圖?；谥朴喺叩闹R(shí)，技術(shù)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)，用于制

6、造每個(gè)零件的工序步驟以最合乎邏輯的順序被發(fā)展制訂。下列各項(xiàng)是在工序制訂范圍里的許多決定和詳細(xì)資料：</p><p>　　.設(shè)計(jì)圖的說(shuō)明. 在工序制訂的開(kāi)始，產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)的這一部分（材料、尺寸、公差、表面處理、等等）必須進(jìn)行分析。</p><p>　　.工序和順序. 工序制訂者必須選擇哪一個(gè)工序是必需的及必需工序的序列。此外還必須準(zhǔn)備好一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)短的工序步驟描述。</p><

7、p>　　.設(shè)備選擇. 大體上，工序制訂者必須逐步展開(kāi)利用工廠現(xiàn)有機(jī)器的計(jì)劃。另外，組件必須被購(gòu)買(mǎi)或在新設(shè)備上的投資必須被制定。</p><p>　　.工具、沖模、鑄模、夾具、量具. 工序必須決定每個(gè)工序需要什么工具。這些工具的實(shí)際設(shè)計(jì)和制造通常通過(guò)委派工具設(shè)計(jì)部門(mén)和工具庫(kù)或者聯(lián)系專(zhuān)攻那種工具制造的外面廠商來(lái)完成。</p><p>　　.方法分析. 車(chē)間規(guī)劃、小工具、提升重物的提

8、升間、甚至在一些人工操作情景中的肢體動(dòng)作也被指定。</p><p>　　.操作步驟. 工作測(cè)量技術(shù)被用來(lái)為每個(gè)操作設(shè)定時(shí)間標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。</p><p>　　.切削工具和切削條件. 這些必須對(duì)加工操作通過(guò)推薦標(biāo)準(zhǔn)手冊(cè)來(lái)進(jìn)行詳細(xì)說(shuō)明。</p><p><b>　　零件工序制訂</b></p><p>　　對(duì)于單個(gè)零件，加工順序

9、通過(guò)一種被稱(chēng)為進(jìn)路表的表格來(lái)進(jìn)行文件證明備份。 （不是所有的公司使用進(jìn)路表這個(gè)名字；另外的一個(gè)名字是“操作說(shuō)明書(shū)”。）就如工程圖被用于詳細(xì)說(shuō)明產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)一樣，進(jìn)路表被用于詳細(xì)說(shuō)明工序計(jì)劃。他們是類(lèi)似的，一個(gè)用于產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)，另一個(gè)用于制造。典型的進(jìn)路表，如圖21.1 中舉例，包括下列信息：（1）所有工作部分要執(zhí)行的操作都按照他們應(yīng)當(dāng)被執(zhí)行的順序列出來(lái)；（2）一個(gè)指出關(guān)于零件圖尺寸公差必須完成加工的每個(gè)操作的簡(jiǎn)短描述；（3）用于完成這個(gè)操作的特

10、定設(shè)備；（4）象沖模，鉆模，切削刀具，鉆夾具或夾具，和量具這樣的特定工具。一些公司還包括時(shí)間設(shè)置，周期標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和其他數(shù)據(jù)。他被稱(chēng)為進(jìn)路表是因?yàn)楣ば蝽樞蛞?guī)定了零件在工廠中必須遵循的路線。如表21-1中，列出了在準(zhǔn)備一個(gè)進(jìn)路表時(shí)所需要的一些指導(dǎo)方針。</p><p>　　圖 21.1 詳細(xì)說(shuō)明工序計(jì)劃的典型進(jìn)路表</p><p>　　表21-1 準(zhǔn)備一個(gè)進(jìn)路表的典型指導(dǎo)方針</p>

11、<p>　　圖21.2 在零件制造中的典型工序順序</p><p>　　制造單個(gè)零件的典型加工順序包括：（1）一個(gè)基本工序，（2）二級(jí)工序，（3） 提高物質(zhì)特性工序，（4）最后工序。在圖21.2中顯示了這種序列。一個(gè)基本工序決定了工件的起始造型。金屬鑄件，塑料成型，金屬精煉是基本工序中的實(shí)例。 起始造型常常必須通過(guò)改變起始造型操作（或者接近于最終造型）的二級(jí)工序來(lái)精制。二級(jí)工序習(xí)慣于和基本工序一起提供

12、起始造型。當(dāng)砂型鑄造是基本工序，車(chē)加工通常是二級(jí)工序。當(dāng)軋鋼廠制造金屬片是基本工序，沖壓操作象沖裁和彎曲通常是二級(jí)工序。當(dāng)塑料注入成型是基本工序時(shí)，二級(jí)工序通常是不必要的，因?yàn)樗拇蠖鄶?shù)幾何特征制造通過(guò)別的方式如成型制造來(lái)完成。塑料成型和其他操作的二級(jí)工序被稱(chēng)為凈成型工序的并發(fā)二級(jí)工序。需要一些但并不多的二級(jí)工序的操作就是所提到的近似凈成型工序。許多有印象的摸鍛件就是這一類(lèi)。這類(lèi)零件能夠經(jīng)常在鍛造（初級(jí)工序）階段被成型，因此減少了必要的

13、加工（二級(jí)工序）。</p><p>　　一旦模型被建立，許多零件的下一步是改良它們的機(jī)械物理性能。提高特性工序并不改變零件模型，然而，它卻能改變零件的物理特性。金屬零件的熱處理操作就是最普通的實(shí)例。類(lèi)似的如玻璃通過(guò)熱處理來(lái)制造鋼化玻璃。對(duì)于大多數(shù)零件的制造來(lái)說(shuō)，這些特性加強(qiáng)工序如在圖21.2指出的可選擇路徑那樣在加工工序中并不需要。</p><p>　　最后工序通常對(duì)零件（或裝配體）的表面

14、提供一個(gè)涂層。例如電鍍，薄膜沉積技術(shù)，涂漆。表面處理的目的是改善外觀，改變顏色，或者表面保護(hù)防止腐蝕和磨損等等。在很多零件中最后工序是并不需要的；例如，塑料成型就很少需要最后程序。當(dāng)必須需要最后程序，他通常是加工順序的最后一步。表21-2列出了一些普通原料加工的典型加工順序：</p><p>　　表21-2 一些典型加工順序</p><p><b>　　裝配工序制訂</b

15、></p><p>　　一個(gè)既定產(chǎn)品的典型裝配方法由以下因素決定的：（1）預(yù)期產(chǎn)品數(shù)量；（2）裝配產(chǎn)品的復(fù)雜性，例如，不同組件的數(shù)量；和（3）常用裝配工序，例如，機(jī)械定位焊接。對(duì)于小數(shù)量產(chǎn)品，通常在人工裝配線上進(jìn)行裝配。對(duì)于大量制造的一打或這樣組件的簡(jiǎn)單零件，要采用適當(dāng)?shù)淖詣?dòng)化裝配線。無(wú)論如何，這里有一個(gè)工作必須被完成的優(yōu)先順序。這個(gè)優(yōu)先需求經(jīng)常用一個(gè)優(yōu)先表來(lái)進(jìn)行圖表描繪。</p><p

16、>　　裝配工序制訂包括裝配指令的發(fā)展，但是更詳細(xì)地，對(duì)于小批量生產(chǎn)，在一個(gè)崗位完成整個(gè)裝配。對(duì)于一個(gè)裝配線上的大批量生產(chǎn)，工序制訂由一種分配工作條件到裝配線個(gè)別工位并被叫做人工投入線性平衡法的程序組成。這種裝配線按照裝配線平衡解決方案決定的順序發(fā)送工作單元到個(gè)別工位。在個(gè)別組成，任意工具或夾具的工序制訂時(shí)，一條裝配線的決定，設(shè)計(jì)，和制造必須被完成,并且工作站的必須被列出來(lái)。</p><p><b>

17、;　　制造或購(gòu)買(mǎi)決定</b></p><p>　　在工藝規(guī)劃過(guò)程中出現(xiàn)的一個(gè)重大問(wèn)題是一個(gè)特定零件應(yīng)該在公司內(nèi)部的工廠內(nèi)生產(chǎn)還是從外部銷(xiāo)售商處購(gòu)買(mǎi)，并且這個(gè)問(wèn)題的答案被認(rèn)為是制造或購(gòu)買(mǎi)決定。如果公司沒(méi)有技術(shù)設(shè)備或制造零件所必須的詳細(xì)制造工序中的專(zhuān)門(mén)技術(shù)，那么答案就很明顯了：因?yàn)闆](méi)有其他選擇零件必須購(gòu)買(mǎi)。然而，在很多例子中，零件既可以在利用現(xiàn)有設(shè)備在內(nèi)部制造或者可以從外部擁有相似制造能力的生產(chǎn)銷(xiāo)售商處購(gòu)

18、買(mǎi)。</p><p>　　在我們的關(guān)于制造或購(gòu)買(mǎi)的決定的討論中，他應(yīng)該認(rèn)識(shí)到在開(kāi)始幾乎所有的制造者從供應(yīng)商那里購(gòu)買(mǎi)原料。一個(gè)機(jī)械加工廠從一個(gè)金屬經(jīng)銷(xiāo)商購(gòu)買(mǎi)他的起動(dòng)柄原料或從一個(gè)鑄造廠購(gòu)買(mǎi)他的砂型鑄件。一個(gè)塑料成型廠從一個(gè)化工廠購(gòu)買(mǎi)他的模塑料。一個(gè)沖壓廠可以去經(jīng)銷(xiāo)商或直接從軋鋼廠購(gòu)買(mǎi)金屬片。很少的公司能夠在操作中從原料一直進(jìn)行垂直整合，這看來(lái)至少購(gòu)買(mǎi)一些也許在他的工廠可以另外制造的零件是合理的。也有可能為公司使用的

19、每一個(gè)組成要求制造或購(gòu)買(mǎi)決定。</p><p>　　這里有許多影響制造或購(gòu)買(mǎi)決定的因素。在表21-3中列出一列影響決定的因素和結(jié)果。一個(gè)人可能認(rèn)為成本是決定是購(gòu)買(mǎi)還是制造零件的最重要的因素。如果一個(gè)外部經(jīng)銷(xiāo)商比公司工廠更精通于制造零件的工序，因而公司內(nèi)部生產(chǎn)成本可能比經(jīng)銷(xiāo)商賺取成本后的價(jià)格還要高。可是，如果購(gòu)買(mǎi)決定導(dǎo)致公司工廠設(shè)備和勞動(dòng)的閑置，可是購(gòu)買(mǎi)零件的表面優(yōu)勢(shì)就會(huì)喪失?？紤]以下例子，例21.1制造或購(gòu)買(mǎi)決定

20、</p><p>　　為一個(gè)特定零件被引述的價(jià)格是100個(gè)單位的每單位$20.00。制造零件的成分如下所示：</p><p>　　單位原料成本=每單位$8.00</p><p>　　直接勞動(dòng)成本=每單位6.00</p><p>　　勞動(dòng)加班150%=每單位9.00</p><p>　　設(shè)備修理成本=每單位5.00<

21、;/p><p>　　總計(jì)=每單位28.00</p><p>　　表21-3制造或購(gòu)買(mǎi)決定因素</p><p><b>　　附件2：外文原文</b></p><p>　　Process Planning and Concurrent Engineering</p><p>　　The product d

22、esign is the plan for the product and its components and subassemblies.To convert the product design into a physical entity ,a manufacturing plan is needed .The activity of developing such a plan is called process planni

23、ng .It is the link between product design and manufacturing .Process planning involves determining the sequence of processing and assembly steps that must be accomplished to make the product .In the present chapter ,we e

24、xamine processing planning and several related </p><p>　　At the outset ,we should distinguish between process planning and production planning ,which is covered in the following chapter. Process planning is

25、concerned with the engineering and technological issues of how to make the products and its parts. What types of equipment and tooling are required to fabricate the parts and assemble the product ? Production planning is

26、 concerned with the logistics of making the product .After process planning is concerned with ordering the materials and obtaining</p><p>　　Process Planning </p><p>　　Process planning involves d

27、etermining the most appropriate manufacturing and assembly processes and the sequence in which they should be accomplished to produce a given part or product according to specifications set forth in the product design do

28、cumentation.The scope and variety of processes that can be planned are generally limited by the available processing equipment and technological capabilities of the company of plant .Parts that cannot be made internally

29、must be purchased from outside ve</p><p>　　Process planning is usually accomplished by manufacturing engineers .（Other titles include in industrial engineer.) The process planner must be familiar with the pa

30、rticular manufacturing processes available in the factory and be able to interpret engineering drawings .Based on the planner’s knowledge,skill,and experience ,the processing steps are developed in the most logical seque

31、nce to make each part .Following is a list of the many decisions and details usually include within the scope of pro</p><p>　　.Interpretation of design drawings. The part of product design must be analyzed

32、(materials,dimensions,tolerances ,surface finished,etc.) at the start of the process planning procedure.</p><p>　　.Process and sequence. The process planner must select which processes are required and thei

33、r sequence.A brief description of processing steps must be prepared.</p><p>　　.Equipment selection . In general , process planners must develop plans that utilize existing equipment in the plant .Otherwise

34、,the component must be purchased ,or an investment must be made in new equipment .</p><p>　　.Tools ,dies,molds,fixtures,and gages. The process must decide what tooling is required for each processing step.T

35、he actual design and fabrication of these tools is usually delegated to a tool design department and tool room ,or an outside vendor specializing in that type of tool is contacted.</p><p>　　Methods analysis

36、. Workplace layout ,small tools ,hoists for lifting heavy parts ,even in some cases hand and body motions must be specified for manual operations .The industrial engineering department is usually responsible for this ar

37、ea.</p><p>　　.Work standards. Work measurement techniques are used to set time standards for each operation .</p><p>　　.Cutting tools and cutting conditions. These must be specified for machin

38、ing operations ,often with reference to standard handbook recommendations.</p><p>　　Process Planning for parts</p><p>　　For individual parts,the processing sequence is documented on a form calle

39、d a route sheet .(Not all companies use the name route sheet ;another name is “operation sheet .”)Just as engineering drawings are used to specify the product design ,route sheets are used to specify the process plan .T

40、hey are counterparts,one for product design ,the other for manufacturing .A typical route sheet ,illustrated in Fig.21.1,includes the following information: (1) all operations to be performed on the work pa</p>&l

41、t;p>　　Decisions on process to be used to fabricate a given part are based largely on the starting material for the part .This starting material is selected by the product designer.Once the material has been specified

42、,the range of the possible processing operation is reduced considerably .The product designer’s decisions on starting material are based primarily on functional requirements ,although economics and manufacturability a ro

43、le in the selection.</p><p>　　Fig.21.1 Typical routes sheet for specifying the process plan </p><p>　　Table 21-1 Typical Guidelines in Preparing a Route Sheet</p><p>　　Fig.21.2

44、Typical sequence of processes required in part fabrication</p><p>　　A typical processing sequence to fabricate an individual part consists of : (1) a basic process,(2)secondary processes ,(3) operations to e

45、nhance physical properties,and (4)finishing operations.The sequence is shown in Fig.21.2. A basic process determines the starting geometry of the workpart.Metal casting ,plastic molding ,and roling of sheet metal are exa

46、mples of basic processes.The starting geometry must often be refined by secondary processes,operations that transform the starting geometry (</p><p>　　Once the geometry has been established ,the next step fo

47、r some parts is to improve their mechanical and physical properties .Operations to enhance properties do not alter the geometry of the part;instead,they alter physical properties .Heat treating operations on metal parts

48、 are the most common examples .Similar heating treatments are performed on glass to produce tempered glass.For most manufactured parts ,these property-enhancing operations are not required in the processing sequence ,as

49、indi</p><p>　　Finally finish operations usually provide a coat on the work parts (or assembly )surface. Examples inclued electroplating ,thin film deposition techniques ,and painting.The purpose of the coati

50、ng is to enhance appearance ,change color ,or protect the surface from corrosion,abrasion ,and so forth .Finishing operations are not required on many parts ;for example, plastic molding rarely require finishing .When fi

51、nishing is required ,it is usually the final step in the processing sequence .Table 21-</p><p>　　In most cases,parts and materials arriving at the factory have complete their basic process.Thus ,the first op

52、eration in the process plan follows the basic process that has provided the starting geometry of the part ..For example ,machined parts begain as bar stock or castings or forgings,which are purchased from outide vendors.

53、The process plan begains with the machining operations in the company’s own plant .Stempings begin as sheet metal coils or strips that are bought from the rolling mill.Th</p><p>　　In addition to the route sh

54、eet ,a more detailed description of eac operation is usually prepared. This is filed in the particular production department office where the operation is performed.It lists specific details of the operation ,such as cut

55、ting conditionsand toolings(if the operation is machining )and other instructions that may be useful to the amchine operator.The desciptions often include sketches of the machine setup.</p><p>　　Table 21-2

56、Some Typical Process Sequence</p><p>　　Processing Planning for Assemblies</p><p>　　The type of assembly method used for a given product depends on factors such as : (1) the anticipated productio

57、n quantities ;(2) complexity of the assembled product ,for example ,the number of distinct components ;and (3)assembly processes used ,for example ,mechanical assembly versus welding .For a product that is to be made in

58、relatively small quantities ,assembly is usually performed on manual assembly lines .For simple products of a dozen or so components,to be made in large quantities ,auto</p><p>　　Process planning for assembl

59、y involves development of assembly instructions,but in more detail .For low production quantities,the entire assembly is completed at a single station .For high production on an assembly line ,process planning consists o

60、f allocating work elements to the individual stations of the line, a procedure called line balancing.The assembly line routes the work unit to individual stations in the proper order as determined by the line balance sol

61、ution.As in process planning for</p><p><b>　　laid out.</b></p><p>　　Make or Buy Decision </p><p>　　An important question that arises in process planning is whether a giv

62、en part should be produced in the company’s own factory or purchased from an outside vendor ,and the answer to this question is known as the make or buy decision .If the company does not possess the technological equipme

63、nt or expertise in the particular manufacturing processes required to make the part ,then the answer is obvious: The part must be purchased because there is no internal alternative .However ,in many cases ,the </p>

64、<p>　　In our discussion of the make or buy decision ,it should be recognized at the outset that nearly all manufactures buy their raw materials from supplies .A machine shop purchases its starting bar stock from a

65、 metals distributor and its sand castings from a foundry .A plastic molding plant buys its molding compound from a chemical company.A stamping press factory purchases sheet metal either fro a distributor or direct from a

66、 rolling mill.Very few companies are vertically integrated in their produ</p><p>　　There are a number of factors that enter into the make or buy decision .We have complied a list of the factors and issues th

67、at affect the decision in Table 21-3 .One would think that cost is the most important factor in determining whether to produce the part or purchase it .If an outside vendor is more proficient than the company’s own plant

68、 in the manufacturing processes used to make the part ,then the internal production cost is likely to be greater than the purchase price even after the vend</p><p>　　The quoted price for a certain part is $2

69、0.00 per unit for 100 units .The part can be produced in the company’s own plant for $28.00. The components of making the part are as follows :</p><p>　　Unit raw material cost = $8.00 per unit</p><

70、;p>　　Direct labor cost =6.00 per unit </p><p>　　Labor overhead at 150%=9.00 per unit </p><p>　　Equipment fixed cost =5.00 per unit </p><p>　　________________________________</