plc相關(guān)外文翻譯

1、<p>　　天津職業(yè)技術(shù)師范大學(xué)</p><p><b>　　本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計</b></p><p><b>　　外文文獻翻譯</b></p><p>　　學(xué) 院： 自動化與電氣工程學(xué)院 </p><p>　　專業(yè)班級： 電氣0711班 </p&g

2、t;<p>　　學(xué)生姓名： 徐飛 </p><p>　　指導(dǎo)教師： 田庫 副教授 </p><p>　　2012年 5月 25日</p><p><b>　　英文資料與中文翻譯</b></p><p><b>　　Robotics&l

3、t;/b></p><p>　　1、The Robotics Application</p><p>　　Many of the robots in use today do jobs that are especially difficult for human workers. These are the types of jobs that require great stre

4、ngth or pose danger. For example, robots are particularly useful in the auto-manufacturing industry where parts of automobiles must be welded together. A welding tool used by a human worker weighs about 100 pounds or mo

5、re and is difficult to handle. As mechanical supermen, robots may be called upon to do anything from moving heavy components between worksta</p><p>　　Spray painting is another task suited to robots because r

6、obots do not need to breathe. Unlike human painters, they are unaffected by the poisonous fumes. Robots are better at this task, not because they are faster or cheaper than humans, but because they work in a place where

7、humans cannot.</p><p>　　Third in the list of useful jobs for robots is the assembly of electronic parts. Robots shine at installing chips in printed circuit boards because of a capability that robots have th

8、at people don’t. A robot, once properly programmed, will mot put a chip in the wrong place. This automatic accuracy is particularly valuable in this kind of industry because locating and fixing mistakes is costly</p&g

9、t;<p>　　2、Robotics Revolution</p><p>　　Earlier robots were usually blind and deaf, but newer types of robots are fitted with video cameras and other sensing devices that can detect heat, texture, size

10、, and sound. These robots are used in space projects, nuclear reactor stations, and underwater exploration research.</p><p>　　In their efforts to expand the range of robotic applications, researchers are loo

11、king beyond traditional designs to examine a variety of potential models from the biological word. The industrial arm is a classic example. Scientists have been able to model robots to imitate the vertebrate spine of a s

12、nake in order to paint the interior of automobiles. They have simulated the muscle structure and movement of and elephant’s trunk in am attempt to create a robotic arm capable of lifting heavy object</p><p>

13、　　The challenger of equipping robots with the skills to operate independently, outside of a factory or laboratory, has taxed the ingenuity and creativity of academic, military, and industrial scientists for years. Simply

14、 put robot hands—like robot legs, or eyes, or reasoning powers—have long way to go before they can approach what biological evolution has achieved over by the course of hundreds of millions of years. Much more will have

15、to happen in laboratories around the world before the robots c</p><p>　　In the meantime, the robotics revolution is already beginning to change the kind of work that people do. The boring and dangerous jobs

16、are now assumed by robots. By the not do. There are also some industrialists who hope that by the year 2000 all their employees will be knowledge workers, no longer standing on assembly lines but rather sitting at desks

17、and computer terminals to deal with information. These changes are already under way, and their pace accelerates every year.</p><p>　　3、Intelligent Robots</p><p>　　A new phase in robot applicati

18、ons has been opened with the development of “intelligent robots”. An intelligent robot is basically one that must be capable of sensing its surrounding and possesses intelligence enough to respond to a changing to a chan

19、ging environment in much the same way as we do. Such ability requires the direct application of sensory perception and artificial intelligence. Much of research in robotics has been and is still concerned with how to equ

20、ip robots with visual sensors—</p><p>　　4、Visional Sensory</p><p>　　Much effort has been made to simulate similar human sensory abilities for intelligent robots. Among them, vision is the most i

21、mportant sense as it is estimated that up go 80% of sensory information is received by vision. Vision can be bestowed on robotic systems by using imaging sensors in various ways. For improving accuracy of performances, i

22、t can help precisely adjust the robot hand by means of optical feedback control using visual sensors. Determining the location, orientation, and recogniti</p><p>　　Among the vision system, one of the key com

23、ponents is imagery sensor. The imagery sensor of a robot system is defined as an electro-optical device that converts an optical image to a video signal. The image sensor is usually either a TV-camera of a solid state se

24、nsory device, for example, charge-couple devices (CCD). The latter device offers greater .sensitivity, long endurance and lightweight, and is thus welcome when compared with the TV-camera. The camera system contains not

25、only the camera d</p><p>　　Either TV-camera or CCDs produce an image by generating an analogue value on every pixel, proportional to its light intensity. To enable a digital computer to work with this signal

26、, an analogue-to-digital (A/D) converter is needed to transfer analogue into digital data, then store in random access memory (RAM), installed in computer. The computer analyzes the data and extracts such imagery informa

27、tion as edges, regions, colors and textures of the objects in the image. Finally, the computer inter</p><p>　　5、Tactile Sensory</p><p>　　Next to vision in importance is tactile sensing or touchi

28、ng. Imagine the blind can do delicate jobs relying on his/her sensitive tactile. A blind robot can be extremely effective in performing an assembly task using only a sense of touch. Touch is of particular importance for

29、providing feedback necessary to grip delicate objects firmly without causing damage to them.</p><p>　　To simulate tactile in human hands, a complete tactile-sensing system must perform three fundamental sens

30、ing operations: (1) joint force sensing which senses the force applied to the robot’s hand, wrist and arm joints; (2) touch sensing which senses the pressure applied to various points on the hand’s surface or the gripper

31、’s surface; (3) slip sensing which senses any movement of the object while it is being grasped.</p><p>　　The joint forces are usually sensed using various strain gauges arranged in robot wrist assembly. A st

32、rain gauge is a force—sensing element whose resistance change in proportion to the amount of the force applied to the element. The simplest application of touch sensor is a gripper equipped with an array of miniature mic

33、roswitches. This type of sensor can only determine the presence or absence of an object at a particular point or an array of points of the robot hand. A more advanced type of tou</p><p>　　The integration of

34、tactile sensing and vision sensing can dramatically enhance robotic assembly task. An example of this type of sensors would be a vision sensor used to locate and identify objects and positing of the robot itself, combine

35、d with a tactile sensor used to detect the distribution of force and pressure, and determine torque, weight, center of mass and compliance of the material it handles. The hand-eye coordination for general-purpose manipul

36、ation will be extremely powerful in the i</p><p><b>　　機器人</b></p><p><b>　　1、機器人的應(yīng)用</b></p><p>　　許多今天使用的機器人在做一些對工人特別困難的工作。這些類型的工作需要很大的力量，或者有危險。比如，在需要將汽車零件焊接在一

37、起的自動生產(chǎn)工業(yè)中，機器人就特別人用，工人使用的焊接工具重約100磅，或更重，并且很難操作。作為機械巨人，機器人可被呼喚去做任何事情，從一工場的工作站點之間移動笨重部件到運送袋裝的水泥。</p><p>　　由于機器人不需呼吸，所以噴涂是另一個適合機器人的任務(wù)，不像油漆工，機器人不受有毒氣體的影響。機器人更優(yōu)于完成這種工作，不但因為它們比人做得更快更便宜，而且因為能在人不能工作的地方進行工作。</p>

38、<p>　　適合于機器人工作中，第三個項目是裝配電子元件。機器人能很好地將芯片裝配在七印刷電路板上，因為它具備人所沒有具備的能力。一旦適當(dāng)?shù)鼐幊蹋瑱C器人就不會將芯片放錯地方。這種自動的精度在這種類型的工業(yè)中特別有價值，因為定位和安裝錯誤代價是很高的。</p><p><b>　　2、機器人革命</b></p><p>　　早期的機器人又瞎又聾，但新型機器

39、人安裝有電視攝像機和其它傳感器設(shè)備，因而能感知熱、結(jié)構(gòu)、尺寸和聲音，這些機器人用于空間計劃、核反應(yīng)站和水下探測研究。</p><p>　　在擴大機器人應(yīng)用范圍的嘗試中，研究者正超越傳統(tǒng)設(shè)計，并考察源生物世界的各種潛在的模型，工業(yè)機械手是一典型例子?？茖W(xué)家已能讓機器人模仿蛇的脊椎，以油漆汽車內(nèi)部。在著力建造能舉起笨重物體的機器人的手臂時，他們模仿肌肉結(jié)構(gòu)和大象鼻子的運動?？茖W(xué)家還模擬章魚的靈活性，其觸角能用于任何形

40、狀的易碎品，并用均勻且輕柔的壓力握住這些易碎品。這種設(shè)計的一種變化能用于抱起動物，給醫(yī)院中病床上的病人翻身，或抱起小孩。</p><p>　　將機器人安裝可在工廠或?qū)嶒炇彝猹毩⒉僮鞯募寄埽@一挑戰(zhàn)已花費了學(xué)術(shù)界、軍事界和工業(yè)界的科學(xué)家們的智謀和創(chuàng)造性。簡單來說，機器人的手—如同機器人的腿、眼睛或推理能力。在接近經(jīng)過成億年生物進化所獲得的能力之前，還有很長的路要走。在機器人能和自然的杰作相比之前，世界各地的實驗室中

41、還需完成許多工作。</p><p>　　同時，機器人的進展已開始轉(zhuǎn)變?nèi)怂龅墓ぷ?，令人厭煩和危險的工作已由機器人承擔(dān)。在世紀(jì)之交，更多的人要去完成機器人所不能完成的任務(wù)。已有許多工業(yè)家希望到2000年，所有雇員都是知識工，不再站在裝配線前，而是坐在桌子和計算機終端前處理信息。這些變化已經(jīng)存在，而且其步伐每年都在加快。</p><p><b>　　3、智能機器人</b>

42、</p><p>　　一個機器人應(yīng)用 中的新局面隨著“智能機器人”的發(fā)展而已打開。一個智能機器人基本上能感知環(huán)境并且具有足夠的智力，像我們?nèi)艘粯幽軐ψ兓械沫h(huán)境做出響應(yīng)。這種能力要求直接使用感覺和人工智能。許多機器人的研究羽絨并且仍然關(guān)注如何在機器人中裝備視覺傳感器—眼睛和觸覺傳感器—“手指”。人工智能能將使機器人能響應(yīng)并適應(yīng)其工作任務(wù)和環(huán)境變化，并且能按照這些變化的反應(yīng)進行推理和做出決定。</p>

43、<p><b>　　4、視覺傳感</b></p><p>　　為使機器人模仿人的感覺能力人的感覺能力，己做了很多的努力。其中，視覺是最重要的感覺，因為據(jù)估計，接近80％的感覺信息是由視覺收到的。在機器人系統(tǒng)中設(shè)置視覺可由各種形式的圖像傳感器來完成。為了改善運行的精度，通過視覺傳感器的光學(xué)反饋控制，可精密地調(diào)整機器人手臂。決定位置、方向和辨別所要選取的零件則是另一重要的應(yīng)用。<

44、;/p><p>　　在視覺系統(tǒng)中，關(guān)鍵部件之一是圖像器。機器人系統(tǒng)中圖像傳感器的定義為將常常圖像轉(zhuǎn)換成視頻信號的電-光學(xué)器件。圖像傳感器通常為電視攝像機，或固態(tài)傳感器件，如電荷耦合器件（CCD）。后一種器件提供更高的靈敏度、較長的耐久性和較輕的重量，因而與電視攝像機相比更受歡迎。攝像系統(tǒng)不但包括攝像探測器，而且更重要的是包括光學(xué)透鏡系統(tǒng)。這種透鏡決定視場、定焦深度和其它直接影響攝像機所攝取圖像質(zhì)量的光學(xué)特性。<

45、/p><p>　　無論電視攝像機還是CCD都會通過在每一像素點形成與光強成正比的模擬量而產(chǎn)生圖像。要使數(shù)字計算機對這信號起作用，需要模擬數(shù)字（A∕D）轉(zhuǎn)換器將模擬數(shù)據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)換成數(shù)字信息，如邊界、區(qū)域、顏色，以及圖像中物體結(jié)構(gòu)。最后，計算機能就場景的辨別、理解圖像所表示的含義或做出解釋，使機器人用符號對環(huán)境描述。</p><p><b>　　5、接觸感覺</b></p&g

46、t;<p>　　重要性僅次于視覺是接觸感覺，或觸感。想象一下盲人能依靠靈敏的觸覺來做精細(xì)的工作。無視學(xué)機器人能只用觸覺極有效地完成裝配任務(wù)，對于需要反饋來緊緊握住精致脆弱的物體而不會損壞它們的用途，觸覺具有獨特的重重性。</p><p>　　為了模擬人手的觸覺，一個完整的接觸傳感系統(tǒng)必須完成三個基本操作：（1）關(guān)節(jié)的力覺，檢測加在機器人的手、腕和臂關(guān)節(jié)上的力；（2）觸覺檢測，加在手平面或者夾持器平面

47、各個點上的壓力；（3）滑覺，檢測所抓取的物體的任何滑動。</p><p>　　關(guān)節(jié)上的力通常用各種布置在機器人夾手零件上的應(yīng)變測力計來檢測。應(yīng)變測力計是一種測力元件，其電阻變化與加在元件上的力大小成比例。最簡易的觸覺傳感器是用細(xì)小的微型開關(guān)陣列組成的夾持器。這種傳感器只能決定物體是否在機器人手上的點陣中某個特殊點上存在。更為先進的觸覺傳感器使用壓敏的壓電材料（如導(dǎo)電橡膠或泡沫等）。其排列使傳感器能感覺機器人手中的

48、力和壓力的變化。既然各點的力可以決定，所以手掌面上的力就可以被圖像化地獲得，并由此決定機器人手中所握的各物體形狀。對于產(chǎn)生一個用精致脆弱物體的最佳握持力，機器人需要滑覺。于這種能力避免損壞物體，并能抓起物體面不會有掉下的危險。夾持力一步一步增加，直至物體被緊緊地失信抓住而不再滑動。</p><p>　　觸覺和視覺的集成能極大的提高機器人裝配工作，這類傳感器的一例是視覺傳感器，用于對物體和機器人本身的定位和辨別；并

49、結(jié)合觸覺傳感器用于探測力和壓力的分布和確定力矩、重量、質(zhì)量、重心，按所抓取的材料決定握持力。這種用于通用的手眼配合操作在工業(yè)界將會變得極為有效力。</p><p>　　Installation and Maintenance of PLC</p><p>　　Today’s programmable controller, properly installed, will provide

50、a maximum of productivity with a minimum of maintenance. This section will cover the strength forward but critical areas of installation and maintenance of the programmable controller. It is intended to serve only as an

51、overview on the subject, with the best guide for use being the documentation provided by the programmable controller manufacturer. This section will include rack installation for the CPU and I/O racks involved, lin</p

52、><p>　　1. Rack Installation</p><p>　　Depending on the size of the programmable controller being considered, the installation of the racks or chassis can be a simple or very complex task. Since most

53、 controllers are of open or particular application area. Many times this is a NEMA 12 type enclosure. It provides an environment in which the controller can operate without exposure to the grime outside the enclosure. Mo

54、st racks can be mounted in either a panel type mounting arrangement, or a 19 in rack mounting. This is not true of contr</p><p>　　2. Line Power and Grounding </p><p>　　Proper power to the progr

55、ammable controller is critical. Today’s systems are available in a wide variety of electrical configurations. Virtually all are designed for use in single-phase power systems, and most are now beginning to be offered wit

56、h the optional ability to operate in a DC supply environment. AC designs are offered in either single voltage supplies, such as 115 or 230V AC; while some can be configured as either through a selection made on the power

57、 supply. Proper grounding of the po</p><p>　　3. Signal Cable Connections</p><p>　　The chain must be completed and have high integrity to provide the communication path for control signals to pas

58、s over. Depending on the specific design of the programmable control system, loss of communication to the I/O system will cause a critical failure, stopping the CPU scan .In other systems, configurations can be accomplis

59、hed that allow the unaffected portions of the programmable controller system to continue to operate.</p><p>　　As we saw earlier, communication between chassis can either be parallel or serial. Parallel commu

60、nication uses multiple conductors to pass all bits of a byte or word of data simultaneously. Serial communication provides a method for single bits of a byte or word of data simultaneously. Serial communication provides

61、a method for signal bit of a byte or word to be transmitted sequentially. The difference this has on cable design and selection is significant. Parallel cables are made of as many as </p><p>　　4. Troubleshoo

62、ting and Repair</p><p>　　Even the best of today’s well-designed and manufactured programmable controllers require occasional preventative maintenance and repair. This section looks at some of the tools provi

63、ded by the manufacturer and techniques for general maintenance.</p><p>　　Most of the medium- and large-sized programmable controller systems available today are designed to be maintained by individuals with

64、a wide variety of skills, without the benefit of in-depth formal training of this piece of equipment. This is accomplished in the design by providing individual modules of functionality installed in a chassis serviced fr

65、om the front (all module types including power supplies). Front access is critical to proper maintenance. This allows easy inspection and replacem</p><p>　　The modular design and diagnostic indicators are, o

66、f course, important, but would be quite useless without well designed documentation provided by the manufacturer for the programmable controller system in question. Proper documentation will have sections dedicated to ea

67、ch major subsystem including CPU, I/O, and programming device. Each should explain in depth the stop-by-stop inspection of the system. All possible combinations of failure mode should be listed, along with suggested acti

68、ons for r</p><p>　　While the design of system and documentation provide an easy vehicle for system maintenance once trouble is detected, it is always better to perform preventative maintenances where possibl

69、e. Some systems available today provide levels of predicted failure detection that allow excellent preventive maintenance. This can range from automatic singling of low battery conditions on the memory modules to predict

70、ing an output circuit failure before the circuit is energized. This particular phenomenon ca</p><p>　　The documented ladder logic diagram is a very useful tool for troubleshooting, especially on a complex sy

71、stem. It allows maintenance personnel or "walk through" the I/O segment in question, forcing transitions in specific inputs and outputs, while watching the system's reaction. Many times this can ferret out

72、a tough system problem, and may help isolate problems external to the controller such as an open sensor wire.</p><p>　　The major manufactures of programmable controller systems maintain 24 h telephone servic

73、e numbers for users requiring emergency, service. Their highly trained personnel can normally walk the user through his problem and determine what action he should take for repair.</p><p><b>　　PLC的安裝與維

74、修</b></p><p>　　當(dāng)今的可編程控制器,只要被合理地安裝就可以提供最大的生產(chǎn)力和最少的維修次數(shù)。這部分覆蓋了較新的，但卻起決定性影響的可變程控制器的安裝與維修領(lǐng)域。在這里只是對安裝與維修這部分內(nèi)容作一個概要,操作向?qū)榭删幊炭刂频纳a(chǎn)廠家所提供的資料。這部分包括CPU及I/O端口的機架安裝、電源、接地及信號電纜方面的考慮。解決問題的技術(shù)及維修狀況將被檢驗，最后提出供選擇的維修方案。<

75、/p><p><b>　　1、機架的安裝</b></p><p>　　根據(jù)被考慮可變程序控制器的尺寸不同，機架或電路板的安裝可能是簡單也可能是復(fù)雜的工作。因為大部分控制器均是開殼或部分是封閉設(shè)計的，所以合適的控制器外殼的選擇是被假定為了普通應(yīng)用的需要。大部分情況是NEMA12型號的外殼。也可提供一個讓控制器不暴露在外殼外部灰塵中操作的環(huán)境。大部分的機架既能嵌入配備好的嵌板

76、樣式中，也可嵌入19英寸的機架嵌入板中。控制器是一個不會改變，因為它們是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)嵌入板設(shè)計。機架鑲嵌一般用于設(shè)備被安裝在的及操作人員所在的控制室內(nèi)，或用于其它控制方面的環(huán)境中。這種安裝方式是被很普遍地應(yīng)用于在很多被安裝的設(shè)備與可編程控制器可以一起很好地工作的情況下。在另一方面，導(dǎo)線必須與機架通過導(dǎo)管（通過商業(yè)獲得）連接，它可以提供單獨的進與出大概100到200根由輸入、輸出點到外界感應(yīng)器和執(zhí)行元件得導(dǎo)線。在這方面小心地設(shè)計與安裝是很重要的，

77、因為它將明顯地影響到后面系統(tǒng)的維修和保養(yǎng)。一個好的商店將會出售包扎好帶有標(biāo)簽地導(dǎo)線，而且導(dǎo)線上穿有何時尺寸的導(dǎo)管。這樣除了方便給予任何要求。地維修外，還使配置附件及修改容易了許多。</p><p><b>　　2、電源及接地</b></p><p>　　對于可編程序控制器來講一個好的電源是很重要的。當(dāng)今的系統(tǒng)可以從很多途徑獲得電力配置。事實上，它們都被設(shè)計為用于單電源

78、地系統(tǒng)，而且現(xiàn)在他們中地大多數(shù)還提供了可選擇在直流環(huán)境下操作的能力。交流電源被設(shè)計成用于提供點電壓的供應(yīng)，如115v獲230v交流電壓在安全安裝中要求良好的電源與地的連接。一些可編程序控制器的設(shè)計有從機架到表面金屬極和其它系統(tǒng)中元器件之間單獨的接地，所以在進行電氣安裝時，系統(tǒng)接地的電氣連接一定要小心。在一般應(yīng)用中，一般要求提供24v或120v的直流電。這在得不到交流電的電氣安裝中是很普遍的，比如象在前一代的電氣配置中。而且交流是不可靠的

79、，以及控制中的電力消退也被認(rèn)為是不可接受的情況。</p><p>　　3、信號電纜與連接 </p><p>　　這條電纜必須是完整的并且保持高完整性的提供讓控制信號通過的通訊通道。根據(jù)可編程序控制器的特殊設(shè)計，與I/O端口系統(tǒng)的通訊中斷將會導(dǎo)致很嚴(yán)重的錯誤，會中斷CPU掃描。在其它的系統(tǒng)中，配置將允許可辨程序控制起不受影響的部分繼續(xù)工作。 </p><p>　　正如

80、前面所了解的那樣，電路及之間的通訊可以是串行的也可以是并行的。并行通訊采用復(fù)合式導(dǎo)體用于同時傳送一個字節(jié)或一個字?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)中的所有位。串行通訊所提供的方法可供一個字節(jié)或一個數(shù)據(jù)中單個位按順序傳送。由于這兩種通訊方式的區(qū)別，所以電纜的設(shè)計及選擇都非常重要。并行電纜是由16對或更多對纏繞在一起的單股的導(dǎo)線的組成，由外部起保護作用的絕緣皮保護。復(fù)合的針式連接器采用連接一根或兩根電纜的末端“D”型針式連接器是最常用的，它在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)配置中可提供25獲39針

81、早期的設(shè)計中采用環(huán)形螺紋直接連接，盡管發(fā)現(xiàn)了很多使用“D”型連接器的好處，可是還有一些廠家人采用環(huán)形螺紋連接器。一般通訊電纜可由可編程序控制器的生產(chǎn)廠家提供，當(dāng)然它可能有些貴，但是好的電纜設(shè)計及檢驗與以后重要的工作過程中遇到的時有時無的問題比較起來，價格貴一些還是值得的?？删幊绦蚩刂破鞯膹S家會提供設(shè)計好與配套設(shè)備使用的各種長度的并行電纜，從2英尺到500英尺。另一方面，串行電纜相比較而言就較容易使用，而且購買與制造都不太貴。生產(chǎn)廠家可能

82、會作為一個項目出售通訊電纜，也可能只提供給購買者第三中獲得通訊電纜的方式。而且經(jīng)常直接連接到I/O端口的驅(qū)動器或帶有</p><p>　　4、產(chǎn)品問題的解決與維修</p><p>　　當(dāng)今即使是設(shè)計最好的、非常出色的可編程序控制器也需要定時的檢查與維修。這部分我們主要來了解一下由可編程序控制器生產(chǎn)廠家提供的一些維修工具及技術(shù)。</p><p>　　大多數(shù)大、中型可編

83、程序控制器系統(tǒng)均被設(shè)計成可以通過很多各種各樣方法進行單獨維修，但這樣就失去了對這部設(shè)備進行正規(guī)、深入培訓(xùn)的好處。這些在設(shè)計中通過提供安裝在電路板上有件（所有的調(diào)節(jié)類型中均包含有電源的供應(yīng)）服務(wù)的單獨的功能基準(zhǔn)裝置已被完成。這種控制上的暢通對于良好的保養(yǎng)與維修是起決定性作用的。這樣就可以更好的檢查及更換被認(rèn)為壞了的單位設(shè)施。單位基準(zhǔn)設(shè)施的好壞一般是通過檢查安裝在每個基準(zhǔn)裝置前的LED指示器的指示來決定的。典型的指示器是依據(jù)設(shè)計及正在出問題

84、的基準(zhǔn)裝置的狀況來顯示開與關(guān)（亮與滅）。各種各樣的CPU及I/O端口單位設(shè)施都有各自的指示裝置用來顯示I/O端口控制通訊的狀態(tài)，存儲的完整性，電源供應(yīng)的極限檢查，掃描的完整性以及其他等等。在未來的控制器甚至當(dāng)今為數(shù)不多的系統(tǒng)設(shè)計中，控制器將會顯示英文信息提醒使用者或維修人員一些常見的錯誤及建議做法。</p><p>　　當(dāng)然，基準(zhǔn)單位的設(shè)計及特征指示是很重要的，沒有生產(chǎn)廠家提供的好的有關(guān)存在問題的可編程序控制器的

85、設(shè)計參考資料也沒有用的。好的參考資料將會含有專門用于每個輔助系統(tǒng)的部分，包括CPU、I/O端口即可編程設(shè)施。每一部分均會一步一步深入的講解系統(tǒng)的檢查。。它將會列出所有可能出現(xiàn)的問題及建議維修方法。這部分最常用到的是被認(rèn)為壞了的單元的替換。用戶將被建議購買一套由廠家推薦的備用基準(zhǔn)裝置用于系統(tǒng)出問題的時候。一般至少有單獨一套一般至少有單獨一套CPU和可編程設(shè)施服務(wù)系統(tǒng)的備用設(shè)備，以及是系統(tǒng)所有I/O端口數(shù)量10%的備用I/O端口。</

86、p><p>　　當(dāng)系統(tǒng)設(shè)計和參考資料中提到系統(tǒng)維修時曾出現(xiàn)過故障的地方，最好經(jīng)常檢查和保養(yǎng)?，F(xiàn)在一些系統(tǒng)提供不預(yù)測問題的檢查方法，這樣就可以進行很好的保養(yǎng)和維修。它可在電路工作前從存儲單元的電池電量不足的自動信號裝置到輸出電路預(yù)測出的問題進行檢查。通過在重要的系統(tǒng)部分進行預(yù)測維修可以檢查出一些非常有價值的現(xiàn)象。這包括例如：當(dāng)工廠突然停電時的應(yīng)急電路。輸出電路由于它們優(yōu)先的要求沒有及時檢查出來及時檢查出來從而無法提供給

87、一些重要的設(shè)施。</p><p>　　由廠家提供參考的邏輯梯形圖對于檢修工作來說是一種非常有用的工具，特別是對于一個復(fù)雜的電路來講。它允許維修人員只在出問題的端口部分工作，強迫系統(tǒng)在特定的輸入和輸出端口進行數(shù)據(jù)傳遞，同時觀察系統(tǒng)對此得反應(yīng)。很多時候這樣做會搜索出復(fù)雜的系統(tǒng)問題，有利于把外部問題與控制器例如低頻像感應(yīng)器電路隔離起來。</p><p>　　大型的可編程序控制器系統(tǒng)生產(chǎn)廠家一般都