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1、<p><b>  中文6958字</b></p><p>  畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)外文資料翻譯</p><p>  注:請(qǐng)將該封面與附件裝訂成冊(cè)。附件1:外文資料翻譯譯文</p><p>  “歐洲的實(shí)證研究創(chuàng)新” 研討會(huì),烏爾比諾12月1-2日</p><p>  生產(chǎn)者服務(wù)的國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力</p>

2、<p>  摘要:本文調(diào)查了在90年代國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力和以經(jīng)合組織國(guó)家為樣本的生產(chǎn)者服務(wù)業(yè)的國(guó)際專業(yè)化的決定因素。我們發(fā)現(xiàn)了國(guó)家制造業(yè)基礎(chǔ)與生產(chǎn)者服務(wù)業(yè)發(fā)展的重要聯(lián)系。國(guó)內(nèi)專業(yè)化的制造業(yè)的生產(chǎn)者服務(wù)的大用戶明確有助于生產(chǎn)者服務(wù)的出口。我們也發(fā)現(xiàn)了在信息與通信技術(shù)上的花費(fèi)對(duì)生產(chǎn)者服務(wù)出口有積極的影響。</p><p>  關(guān)鍵詞:生產(chǎn)者服務(wù),信息與通信技術(shù),制造業(yè)與服務(wù)業(yè)的聯(lián)系</p><p

3、>  JEL代碼:L80,F(xiàn)10,O33</p><p><b>  1 引言</b></p><p>  1965年福克斯提出了20世紀(jì)50年代中期以來(lái)美國(guó)勞動(dòng)力的唯一的一個(gè)少數(shù)民族涉及有形商品的生產(chǎn),因此認(rèn)識(shí)服務(wù)經(jīng)濟(jì)的概念。最近大多數(shù)服務(wù)業(yè),特別是一些生產(chǎn)者服務(wù)類別(例如通訊和商業(yè)服務(wù))被列入增長(zhǎng)最快的經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域中。普雷特和博斯沃思(2002)指出,商業(yè)服務(wù)的

4、比重在過(guò)去10年翻了一番。</p><p>  傳統(tǒng)服務(wù)被認(rèn)為是無(wú)形的,它們的消費(fèi)不能從產(chǎn)品中分割。結(jié)果它們被當(dāng)做非流通股(??怂?,1968)。但是巴格瓦蒂(1984)等人指出,由于電信和信息技術(shù)的發(fā)展,提供服務(wù)的物理接近要求可能有所減少,因此提高了服務(wù)可交易性的價(jià)值。In fact, since the early 1980s, international trade in services has expan

5、ded rapidly事實(shí)上,自80年代初,國(guó)際服務(wù)貿(mào)易迅速增長(zhǎng)and faster than trade in merchandise so that in 1990 global services trade had reached 20% of和快于商品貿(mào)易,以至于在1990年全球服務(wù)貿(mào)易已達(dá)到global trade (Hoekman and Primo Braga, 1997).全球貿(mào)易的20%(Hoekman和普里莫布拉加,

6、1997)。</p><p>  隨著服務(wù)貿(mào)易的增長(zhǎng),一些生產(chǎn)者服務(wù)貿(mào)易的理論模型和服務(wù)貿(mào)易的自由化的經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)論被馬庫(kù)森(1989),梅爾文(1989年),法國(guó)(1990年a,1990年b),瓊斯和瑞恩(1990), Van Marrewijk et al.(1990年),Van Marrewijk(1997), De Vaal and van de Berg (1999), Deardorff (2001).(1

7、997年)等,德瓦爾和范德伯格(1999年),迪爾朵夫(2001年)提出。但是服務(wù)貿(mào)易的實(shí)證研究是有限的,特別是因?yàn)閿?shù)據(jù)的可用性和數(shù)量。昌等(1999)估計(jì)服務(wù)貿(mào)易分解的數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)世界來(lái)說(shuō)作為一個(gè)整體并且描述了不同服務(wù)行業(yè)的國(guó)家專業(yè)化。其他研究(米德?tīng)柗ㄌ?,Knarvik等,2000年)從事于生產(chǎn)和就業(yè)數(shù)據(jù),以使有關(guān)推論專業(yè)化模式specialisation in a way to bypass data limitations on tr

8、ade.的方式繞過(guò)貿(mào)易數(shù)據(jù)的局限性。</p><p>  這些研究主要是描述性的,而我們沒(méi)有意識(shí)到任何嘗試econometrically test the determinants of trade specialisation and competitiveness in services.計(jì)量經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)試驗(yàn)的服務(wù)貿(mào)易專業(yè)化和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的決定因素。本文的目的是填補(bǔ)這一空白。利用服務(wù)貿(mào)易的OECD數(shù)據(jù)和其他OECD工業(yè)數(shù)

9、據(jù),我們調(diào)查了國(guó)際專業(yè)化和international competitiveness in selected categories of producer services namely Financial,國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的決定因素,生產(chǎn)者服務(wù)的選擇類別即為金融Communication, and Business services (FCB).,通信和商業(yè)服務(wù)(FCB)。通信和商業(yè)服務(wù)been defined as —knowledge-

10、 and information-intensive“ and have been recognised as被界定為“知識(shí)和信息密集”, 并被認(rèn)為providers of strategic inpu</p><p>  我們采用技術(shù)差距的方法(Posner;Krugman,1985)來(lái)研究生產(chǎn)者服務(wù)貿(mào)易。這種方法,在國(guó)家和產(chǎn)業(yè)的技術(shù)差距影響國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力和傳統(tǒng)的成本變數(shù)使用, has been widely us

11、ed to explain overall trade and trade in goods starting from the work of已被廣泛用來(lái)解釋從開(kāi)始工作的整體貨物貿(mào)易和貿(mào)易Soete (1981)休特(1981)。這些研究的結(jié)果表明,技術(shù)是explaining trade in manufactures.解釋制成品貿(mào)易的一個(gè)重要因素?,F(xiàn)在有廣泛的證據(jù)表明,許多服務(wù)行業(yè)firms play important roles

12、 in innovation, and not only in the use, but also in the creation and公司發(fā)揮創(chuàng)新的重要作用,不僅在使用方面,而且在新技術(shù)的創(chuàng)新和diffusion of new technologies (Tether et al., 2001).推廣方面。(Tether等,2001)。因此,技術(shù)也是服務(wù)貿(mào)易的一</p><p>  尤其是,我們認(rèn)為信息和通信

13、技術(shù)(ICT)在國(guó)際服務(wù)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力中發(fā)揮著relevant role in international competitiveness in services.有關(guān)的作用。In fact Freund and Weinhold (2002)事實(shí)上,F(xiàn)reund和Weinhold(2002)have found that Internet penetration has a significant positive impact on tra

14、de in services.發(fā)現(xiàn)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)普及率對(duì)服務(wù)貿(mào)易產(chǎn)生顯著的積極的影響。此外,也有人認(rèn)為 ,信息和通信技術(shù)的擴(kuò)散是落后于服務(wù)的誘導(dǎo)增長(zhǎng)的工業(yè)部門的重組(OECD,1997)和其可增長(zhǎng)的交易性(Freund和Weinhold,2002)的一個(gè)關(guān)鍵因素。</p><p>  生產(chǎn)過(guò)程在國(guó)內(nèi)和跨越國(guó)界被越來(lái)越多地分解 (Bhagwati, 1984) and the technical revolution in

15、 ICT industries has played an important role(Bhagwati,1984),信息通信產(chǎn)業(yè)的技術(shù)革命在破碎化過(guò)程中發(fā)揮了重要作用in the fragmentation process (Jones and Kierzkowski, 1990).(Jones和Kierzkowski,1990)。更重要的是Moreover, it has been argued更重要的是,有人認(rèn)為that the

16、 demand for services as intermediate goods from the manufacturing sector is one of制造業(yè)中間產(chǎn)品服務(wù)的需求是the major determinants of growth in services (Francois 1990a, Rowthorn and Ramaswamy,服務(wù)業(yè)增長(zhǎng)的主要因素(Francois1990a,Rowtho</p>

17、;<p>  該文被組織如下:第2利用投入產(chǎn)出數(shù)據(jù)審視了制造業(yè)and services using Input-Output data; section 3 discusses the determinants of international和服務(wù)的聯(lián)系;第3節(jié)討論了生產(chǎn)者服務(wù)業(yè)的國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的決定因素1For more recent empirical analyses using the technology gap

18、approach see Fagerberg, 1988; Amendola, Dosiand Papagni, 1993; Magnier and Toujas-Bernate, 1994; Amable and Verspagen, 1995; Verspagen and Wakelin,1997; Laursen and Meliciani, 2000; Laursen and Meliciani, 2002; Meliciani

19、, 2002.competitiveness in producer services, the data used for the estimat</p><p>  22.2、2 在服務(wù)提升中中間需求的作用</p><p>  Several studies have emphasised the role of demand in explaining the rise of ser

20、vices in幾項(xiàng)研究都強(qiáng)調(diào)了對(duì)解釋在先進(jìn)國(guó)家里服務(wù)上升的需求作用advanced countries.。ClarkClark (1940) argues that when income per capita increases, demand shiftsCCCCCCC(1940)認(rèn)為,當(dāng)人均收入增加,需求towards services since the demand for services is in general mo

21、re income-elastic than the對(duì)服務(wù)產(chǎn)生變化,因?yàn)榉?wù)需求的收入彈性普遍比demand for industrial goods.工業(yè)品需求的收入彈性高。Other authors argue that the rise of services is mostly due to an其他作者認(rèn)為,服務(wù)行業(yè)的興起主要是由于中間產(chǎn)品的服務(wù)需求的增加(Francois,1990a;</p><p>

22、;  最終需求和中間需求根據(jù)類型service considered.服務(wù)的考慮可以起到不同的作用。In what follows we use Input-Output data相比與雙方的FCB3.和其他services.服務(wù)的最終需求上升,在下面我們使用投入產(chǎn)出數(shù)據(jù)2in order to investigate the role為了調(diào)查of intermediate demand as compared to final dem

23、and in the rise of both FCB中間需求的作用。 In particular we have computed the change in the share and the rate of growth of特別是我們計(jì)算從FCB and of other services in total intermediate demand, final demand and gross output from the m

24、id ”70s to the early ”90s.70年代中期至90年代初期FCB和總的中間需求、最終需求和總產(chǎn)出的其他服務(wù)</p><p>  表1顯示,服務(wù)得到了在制造業(yè)的代價(jià)股份。This has been due to an increase in both final demand and intermediate demand.這是由于最終需求和中間需求的增長(zhǎng)。 In this在這respect w

25、e can observe that FCB services have been growing mostly in terms of intermediate方面,我們可以觀察到以中間需求為條件FCB服務(wù)不斷增長(zhǎng)的,然而其它服務(wù)卻相反。 We can also observe that FCB services 我們還可以觀察到FCB服務(wù)have been growing more than other categories of

26、services (more than twice as much).已超過(guò)其他類別的服務(wù)越來(lái)越多(超過(guò)兩倍)。</p><p><b> ?。ū?對(duì)這里)</b></p><p>  After having shown the importance of the increase in intermediate demand for the growth of在顯

27、示為FCB services, we ask whether there are some manufacturing sectors that have contributedFCB服務(wù)增長(zhǎng)的中間需求的增加的重要性后,我們問(wèn)是否有一些制造業(yè)部門作出了貢獻(xiàn)significantly more than other sectors to this increase and whether this holds across countri

28、es.大大超過(guò)這一增加的其他部門和國(guó)家之間是否保留。</p><p>  為了回答這個(gè)問(wèn)題,我們進(jìn)行了方差分析,從1990年來(lái)看用工業(yè)影響的重要性來(lái)解釋關(guān)于制造業(yè)和服務(wù)業(yè)的輸出FCB服務(wù)份額。 </p><p>  In order to answer to this question we perform an analysis of variance looking at theT

29、he analysis of variance indicates that there are significant industry effects in explaining方差分析表明,用行業(yè)的顯著影響來(lái)解釋the use of finance, communication and business services (R金融,通信和商業(yè)服務(wù)的使用(R^22= 0.626,F(xiàn)= 8.65顯著1%).1%)。Among high

30、 manufacturing users we find mainly knowledge-intensive industries (Office在高制造用戶里,我們發(fā)現(xiàn),主要是知識(shí)密集產(chǎn)業(yè)(辦公室&計(jì)算機(jī)械,專業(yè)產(chǎn)品,電氣設(shè)備及電臺(tái),電視及communication equipment, Industrial chemicals & drugs), while labour and</p><p>&

31、lt;b>  ((表2對(duì)這里)</b></p><p>  These results suggest that the existing structure of the manufacturing and service sector can 這些結(jié)果表明 , 制造業(yè)和服務(wù)業(yè)目前的架構(gòu),對(duì)play a role in affecting the rise of financial, c

32、ommunication and business services.對(duì)影響金融,通訊和商業(yè)服務(wù)的增長(zhǎng)發(fā)揮了作用。Inparticular we expect that countries that have a high share of activities in knowledge-intensive我們特別希望國(guó)家有一個(gè)高密集manufacturing industries can have favourable conditi

33、ons in developing FCB services.制造業(yè)的分享活動(dòng),這樣可以為FCB服務(wù)發(fā)展創(chuàng)造有利條件。</p><p>  At the same time we can observe that, among service sectors (table 3), Finance and同時(shí),我們可以觀察到,在服務(wù)行業(yè)里(表3),根據(jù)地產(chǎn)及商用服務(wù)及跟進(jìn)Wholesale and retail t

34、rade.批發(fā)和零售貿(mào)易,財(cái)政和Insurance is the main user of FCB followed by Real Estate and Business services and保險(xiǎn)是FCB主要用戶。 </p><p><b> ?。ū?對(duì)這里)</b></p><p>  Therefore there appear to be importan

35、t complementarities in the production and use of因此 , 在FCB服務(wù)的生產(chǎn)和使用方面似乎有重要的互補(bǔ)性FCB services.。We can thus expect that a country able to develop producer services could我們可以預(yù)期,一個(gè)國(guó)家能夠發(fā)展生產(chǎn)服務(wù)是因?yàn)槟躤xperience a self-enforcing mechan

36、ism (virtuous cycle): a country with a comparative體驗(yàn)自我實(shí)施機(jī)制(良性循環(huán)):一個(gè)具有比較優(yōu)勢(shì)的國(guó)家advantage in, say, Business services, will be facilitated to develop a comparative advantage,比方說(shuō),利用商業(yè)服務(wù),為建立比較優(yōu)勢(shì)提供便利,譬如說(shuō),金融和保險(xiǎn)服務(wù)。 </p><

37、;p>  3.3 生產(chǎn)者服務(wù)的國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的決定因素 </p><p>  In order to investigate the determinants of international competitiveness (market shares) and為了探討生產(chǎn)者服務(wù)的國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力(市場(chǎng)份額)和international specialisation in producer services we

38、focus the attention, together with the more國(guó)際專業(yè)化的決定因素,我們集中注意力,結(jié)合traditional cost variables, on the role of intermediate demand and on the role of national傳統(tǒng)的成本變量,對(duì)中間需求的作用和國(guó)家technology advantages.技術(shù)優(yōu)勢(shì)的作用。 </

39、p><p>  很Long ago the Swedish economist Burenstam Linder (1961) suggested that domestic很久久以前 , 瑞典經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家Burenstam Linder(1961)認(rèn)為,在國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力方面國(guó)內(nèi)demand can play a major role in international competitiveness.需求發(fā)揮重要作用。 Mo

40、re recently this idea has最近,這個(gè)想法被been formalised by Krugman (1980).北克魯格曼正式化(1980年)。Based on the evidence shown in section 2, we focus the根據(jù)在第2所示的證據(jù),我們重點(diǎn)attention on intermediate demand.注意力集中在中間的需求。In particular we test w

41、hether a particular structure of the特別是,我們利用大量使用的intensive use of producer ser</p><p>  來(lái)自制造業(yè)專業(yè)化的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)的存在引進(jìn)滯后因素,在這個(gè)意義上的服務(wù),就很難發(fā)展有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的獨(dú)立于國(guó)家的工業(yè)基礎(chǔ)的服務(wù)經(jīng)濟(jì)independently from the national industrial basis.。At the same

42、 time, we can expect that also the同時(shí),我們可以預(yù)計(jì)一個(gè)國(guó)家內(nèi)開(kāi)發(fā)的服務(wù)模型影響competitiveness in producer services.生產(chǎn)者服務(wù)的國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。In particular, we expect that countries with a high share特別是,我們希望國(guó)家有很高的份額of activities in those service industries

43、 that are large users of producer services can more在這些服務(wù)行業(yè) , 是生產(chǎn)大用戶的服務(wù)活動(dòng),可以更easily develop an international competitive advantage in producer services themselves</p><p>  Together with intermediate demand, a

44、lso technology can play an important role for加上中間需求,技術(shù)在服務(wù)行業(yè)對(duì)international competitiveness in service industries.國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力發(fā)揮了重要作用。In fact, while for a long time services have事實(shí)上,雖然很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間服務(wù)been considered as laggard in terms o

45、f technology development and adoption, more recently it被認(rèn)為在技術(shù)開(kāi)發(fā)和應(yīng)用方面落后,但最近has been recognised that some service industries and, in particular FCB, are not only有關(guān)方面承認(rèn),一些服務(wù)性行業(yè),特別是FCB,不僅是important users but also vehicles fo

46、r the diffusion of techn</p><p>  As a measure of technology we focus our attention on countries' total expenditures on 作為技術(shù)措施我們集中注意力于Information and Communication Technologies.信息和通信技術(shù)的國(guó)家總支出。 This is

47、due not only to problems of data這不僅是由于數(shù)據(jù)availability, but also to the fact that the more traditional technological variables, such as R&D可用性的問(wèn)題,而且是由于更多傳統(tǒng)技術(shù)變數(shù)可能不是最解釋有關(guān)生產(chǎn)者的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力services.服務(wù)的事實(shí),expenditures, might not be t

48、he most relevant for explaining competitiveness in pro如研發(fā)expenditures, might not be the most relevant for explainin</p><p>  Finally as another determinant of specialisation and competitiveness in producer s

49、ervices 最后,作為生產(chǎn)者服務(wù)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力和專業(yè)化的另一項(xiàng)決定因素we include a proxy of —cost-based“ advantages, as it is standard in all empirical analyses ,我們包括了代理成本為本的優(yōu)勢(shì),因?yàn)樗鼧?biāo)準(zhǔn)了international competitiveness.國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的實(shí)證分析。</p><p>  3.1 Da

50、ta and variables3.1 數(shù)據(jù)和變量 </p><p>  We look at two sides of international competitive advantages: specialisation and我們從兩個(gè)方面來(lái)看國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì):專業(yè)化和competitiveness.競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。Specialisation is measured as the share of exports

51、in a given sector over total專業(yè)化是衡量在某一部門的出口份額超過(guò)國(guó)家總出口,country exports while competitiveness is measured as the share of exports of a given country競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力作為某一國(guó)家的出口中所占比重來(lái)衡量出口in a given sector over total exports (of all countries

52、) in the same sector (the absolute在出口總額中超過(guò)同一部門(絕對(duì)advantage index).優(yōu)勢(shì)指數(shù))。In order to control for size effects </p><p>  (figure 1 about here) (圖1在這里)</p><p>  We can observe that, in the top-righ

53、t position we have the UK, with high values of both我們可以看到,在右上角的位置,我們有英國(guó)的FCB服務(wù)specialisation and export shares in FCB services, while in the bottom-left position we find專業(yè)化和出口股的高價(jià)值,同時(shí)在底部左的位置,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)Italy with low values of b

54、oth variables.意大利的兩個(gè)變量值較低。 Finland, the Netherlands and Canada have also芬蘭,荷蘭和加拿大也有relatively high values of the two indicators while France and Spain have relatively high values較高價(jià)值的兩個(gè)指標(biāo),而法國(guó)和西班牙有專業(yè)化的較高價(jià)值of specialisatio

55、n but low values of expo</p><p>  來(lái)自制造業(yè)的中間需求的作用被制造業(yè)服務(wù)的使用的計(jì)算機(jī)加權(quán)所捕獲The role of intermediate demand coming from the manufacturing sector is captured byIn particular we take a vector measuring the use of service

56、s on total valued added。特別是,我們采取矢量測(cè)量的總增值服務(wù)的使用。。。。各制造業(yè)部門,每個(gè)國(guó)家,在每個(gè)生產(chǎn)部門里我們乘以總產(chǎn)量each manufacturing sector; we then divide this number by countries' total production:;我們?cè)俪赃@個(gè)國(guó)家總生產(chǎn)數(shù):</p><p>  i= country, j= ma

57、nufacturing sector, k= service sector, P= production, W= weight given by i =國(guó)家,j=制造業(yè),K=服務(wù)行業(yè),P =產(chǎn)量,W=體重 給予服務(wù)業(yè)的總產(chǎn)量k,被使用的制造業(yè)j,以制造業(yè)的總產(chǎn)量為基礎(chǔ)的j(摘自的I / O表)。The same index (SS)is同樣的指數(shù)(SS)為了衡量生產(chǎn)者服務(wù)使用的服務(wù)專門化的加權(quán)而被計(jì)算by services indus

58、tries.被計(jì)算。 </p><p>  As a technology indicator we have considered the share of information and communication 作為一個(gè)技術(shù)指標(biāo),在國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值的基礎(chǔ)上我們?cè)紤]過(guò)在信息和通信股expenditures on GDP.支出。Differently from the previous variables

59、 that vary across industries,不同的是以前的各個(gè)行業(yè)的不同的變量,countries and time, ICT expenditures only vary across countries and time.國(guó)家和時(shí)間,信息和通信技術(shù)支出各個(gè)國(guó)家和時(shí)間不同。 Costs are measured 成本as the share of labour costs on total production (LC)

60、 and vary across industries, countries and作為對(duì)總生產(chǎn)(LC)的勞動(dòng)力成本共享和各行業(yè),各國(guó)和over time.時(shí)間的不同被測(cè)量。All var</p><p>  EXPEXPiktikt= = αa1SMSMSMTSSikt+ +a2 α2SSSSikt+ +a α3ICTICTit+ + α4LCikta4LC + Eikt (1) </p><

61、;p>  where EXP is either specialisation or competitiveness.其中進(jìn)出口不是專門就是競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。Data of trade in services are taken from在服務(wù)貿(mào)易中的數(shù)據(jù)取自the OECD International trade in services database.經(jīng)合組織的國(guó)際服務(wù)貿(mào)易數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)。 Data on labour costs, prod

62、uction and value勞動(dòng)力成本的數(shù)據(jù),產(chǎn)量和價(jià)值的數(shù)據(jù)added are taken from the OECD STAN database.取自經(jīng)合組織斯坦數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)。 Since the two data sources follow different由于這兩個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)源遵循不同的classifications, we have used a concordance provided by the OECD (for more

63、 detail see the分類,我們已經(jīng)使用的一致性由經(jīng)合組織提供(更多細(xì)節(jié)見(jiàn)Appendix).附錄)。 However it i</p><p>  In order to maximise the number of countries available we have focussed the attention over 為了最大限度地滿足國(guó)家數(shù)據(jù)的有效性,我們都集中關(guān)注于the perio

64、d 1992-1999.1992-1999年期間。Over this period we have data for 11 countries (Canada, Finland,在此期間, 我們有11個(gè)國(guó)家的數(shù)據(jù)(加拿大,芬蘭,F(xiàn)rance, Germany, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom, United States)法國(guó),德國(guó),意大利,日本,荷蘭,西

65、班牙,瑞典,英國(guó),美國(guó)),and we have selected the following service industries: Post and Telecommunications; Finance我們選擇了以下服務(wù)行業(yè):郵政和電信;財(cái)經(jīng)and Insurance; Real Estate </p><p>  3.2 Econometric results3.2 計(jì)量結(jié)果 </p>&l

66、t;p>  We investigate both the determinants of specialisation and competitiveness using an我們使用3服務(wù)行業(yè),11個(gè)國(guó)家和8年的unbalanced panel (due to some missing data) of 3 service industries, 11 countries and 8 years.不平衡小組(由于缺少一些數(shù)據(jù))

67、調(diào)查專業(yè)化和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的決定因素。Due to the limited size of the time-series we pool the data and we estimate equation (1) by由于時(shí)間序列規(guī)模的限制,我們凝聚,我們用廣義最小二乘為異方差和組允許特定autocorrelation.自相關(guān)估計(jì)方程(1)Generalised Least Squares allowing for both heterosc

68、edasticity and group-specific。Table 4 reports the results of the esti</p><p>  (table 4 about here) (表4在這里)</p><p>  結(jié)果是符合我們的假設(shè),這個(gè)假設(shè)是通過(guò)制造業(yè)專業(yè)化和ICT支出所扮演的角色來(lái)解釋國(guó)生產(chǎn)者服務(wù)的際專業(yè)化和國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。</p><p>

69、;  FCB的高用戶的服務(wù)業(yè)的專業(yè)化</p><p>  The results are consistent with our hypotheses on the role played by manufacturingIt is interesting to observe that the two有趣的是,觀察到2structural variables (specialisation in manufac

70、turing industries that are high users of FCB and結(jié)構(gòu)變量(FCB的高用戶的制造業(yè)的專業(yè)化和FCB的高用戶的服務(wù)業(yè)的專業(yè)化)顯著explaining international specialisation, while only the first one is significant in explaining解釋國(guó)際專業(yè)化,而只有第一個(gè)解釋關(guān)于國(guó)際市場(chǎng)份額是顯著的internation

71、al market shares.。It appears that having the —right“ composition of manufacturing看來(lái),擁有正確制造的組成的國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力比服</p><p>  這些結(jié)果顯示為解釋生產(chǎn)者服務(wù)業(yè)的國(guó)際competitiveness in producer service industries, thus giving support to the tec

72、hnology-gap競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的相關(guān)的技術(shù)(ICT),從而在生產(chǎn)者服務(wù)的情況下支持技術(shù)差距approach also in the case of producer services.。同時(shí),國(guó)內(nèi)中間demand appears to play an important role.需求發(fā)揮重要作用。This result points to the importance of the這一結(jié)果指出發(fā)展有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的服務(wù)經(jīng)濟(jì)的行業(yè)基地的重要性。

73、</p><p><b>  4.4、結(jié)論</b></p><p>  This paper has aimed at studying the determinants of competitiveness and specialisation in本文著眼于研究生產(chǎn)者服務(wù)的專業(yè)化和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的決定因素producer services.。我們已確定來(lái)自制造業(yè)的國(guó)內(nèi)需求

74、和ICT expenditures as two strategic variables for both international specialisation andinternational competitiveness in producer services.國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的生產(chǎn)者服務(wù)的國(guó)際專業(yè)化和國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的兩個(gè)戰(zhàn)略變量的信息和通信技術(shù)支出。另一方面,其他服務(wù)業(yè)的國(guó)內(nèi)需求other services has proved i

75、mportant in affecting export specialisation but not export shares.已證明對(duì)出口專業(yè)化有重要的影響,但出口份額除外。</p><p>  影響生產(chǎn)者服務(wù)的貿(mào)易性能的制造業(yè)的基礎(chǔ)作用有重要的意義,因?yàn)橐粋€(gè)國(guó)家發(fā)展一個(gè)高效的動(dòng)態(tài)的服務(wù)經(jīng)濟(jì)的能力,與制造業(yè)的結(jié)構(gòu)相聯(lián)。</p><p>  The role of the manufa

76、cturing basis in affecting trade performance in producer services hasparticular we have found that knowledge-intensive industries (Office & computing特別是我們發(fā)現(xiàn),知識(shí)密集產(chǎn)業(yè)(辦公室及計(jì)算machinery, Professional goods, Electrical appa

77、ratus & radio, TV & communication機(jī)械,專業(yè)產(chǎn)品,電氣設(shè)備及電臺(tái),電視及通信equipment, Industrial chemicals & drugs) are the main users of producer services.設(shè)備,工業(yè)化學(xué)品和藥物)是生產(chǎn)服務(wù)的主要使用者。結(jié)果consequence countries specialised in these indu

78、stries are in a favourable position for這些行業(yè)的國(guó)家專業(yè)化處于有利地</p><p>  We have also found a positive and significant impact of ICT on trade performance in 我們還發(fā)現(xiàn)在生產(chǎn)者服務(wù)的貿(mào)易表現(xiàn)上對(duì)信息和通信技術(shù)產(chǎn)生積極和顯著的影響producer services.。為支

79、持這些理論,為貿(mào)易表現(xiàn)強(qiáng)調(diào)技術(shù)的作用for trade performance and is consistent with the view that ICT contribute to increase both the,符合信息和通信技術(shù)有助于提高服務(wù)質(zhì)量和可交易性的觀點(diǎn)These studies are mainly descriptive in nature while we are not aware of any atte

80、mpt to。它也表明,在FCB服務(wù)和正在成為高利率的增長(zhǎng)和與制造業(yè)的linkages with the manufacturing sector.聯(lián)系的戰(zhàn)略的一個(gè)領(lǐng)域里,技術(shù)政策的集中development and use of new technologies can </p><p>  Tables and Figures</p><p><b>  表和圖 </b

81、></p><p>  表1制造業(yè)和服務(wù)業(yè)的中間需求和最終需求的增長(zhǎng)</p><p>  Share mid”70s注:其他服務(wù)包括:批發(fā)和零售貿(mào)易,飲食及酒店業(yè),運(yùn)輸及貯存,社區(qū)social & personal services,會(huì)及個(gè)人服務(wù)</p><p>  Manufacturing on total final demandTable 2

82、Average share of Financial, Communication and Business services on total output of表2在 manufacturing sectors制造業(yè)總產(chǎn)出里,財(cái)務(wù)、通信和商務(wù)服務(wù)的平均份額 </p><p>  Industries工業(yè)

83、 份額</p><p>  Above average高于平均水平 </p><p>  Office & computing machinery辦公和計(jì)算機(jī)械0.1207 0.1207</p>

84、<p>  Non-electrical machinery非電氣機(jī)械 0.1018</p><p>  專業(yè)商品 0.10630.1063 </p><p>  紙張,紙品及印刷

85、 0.1003</p><p>  Industrial chemicals & drugs化工原料及藥品 0.09670.0967 </p><p>  其他制造

86、 0.0932</p><p>  電氣設(shè)備及電臺(tái),電視及通信設(shè)備 0.0905</p><p><b>  平均 </b></p><p>  Shipbuilding & repairing造船與修船

87、 0.08740.0874 </p><p>  橡膠和塑料制品 0.0842</p><p>  0.0842非金屬礦物制品 0.08600.0860 </p&

88、gt;<p>  紡織品,服裝及皮革 0.0825</p><p>  0.0825低于平均水平 </p><p>  Transports excluding Shipbuilding不包括造船運(yùn)輸機(jī) 0.0718&

89、lt;/p><p>  0.0718食品,飲料和煙草 0.0708</p><p>  0.0708木制品及家具 0.0765 0.0765 </p><p>  金屬制品

90、 0.07490.0749 </p><p>  Non ferrous metals & iron & steel非有色金屬和鋼鐵 0.04710.0471 </p><p>  Petroleum & coal p

91、roducts石油及煤制品 0.0388 </p><p>  注:平均比例為0.084。當(dāng)共享比平均的加(減)1 / 4 *標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差高(lower) than the average plus (minus) 1/4*standard deviation.(低)時(shí),工業(yè)是指以上(以下)的平均比例。</p>&l

92、t;p>  Table 3 Average share of Financial, Communication and Business services on total output of表3服務(wù)業(yè)的總產(chǎn)出中,關(guān)于每股財(cái)務(wù),通信和商務(wù)服務(wù)的平均份額 </p><p>  service sectors Industries工業(yè)

93、 份額</p><p>  Finance & insurance金融及保險(xiǎn) 0.36440.3644</p><p>  Real estate & business services房地產(chǎn)和商業(yè)服務(wù)

94、 0.16760.1676</p><p>  Wholesale & retail trade批發(fā)和零售貿(mào)易 0.1502 0.1502</p><p>  Communication通信

95、 0.11130.1113</p><p>  Restaurants & hotels飲食及酒店業(yè) 0.1108</p><p>  Transpo

96、rt & storage運(yùn)輸及貯存 0.1073 0.1073</p><p>  Community, social & personal services社區(qū),社會(huì)及個(gè)人服務(wù)業(yè) 0.10420.

97、1042</p><p>  Table 4 The determinants of specialisation and competitiveness in producer services表4生產(chǎn)者服務(wù)的專業(yè)化和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的決定因素</p><p>  Dependent variable因變量 專長(zhǎng) Export

98、 shares 出口份額 </p><p>  Variables變量 Coefficien系數(shù) St. Error 錯(cuò)誤 Coefficient 系數(shù) St. Error 錯(cuò)誤</p><p>  Manufacturing use of services制造業(yè)使用的服務(wù) 0.219 0.063

99、*** 0.114 0.114 0.067* 0.067 * </p><p>  Services use of services服務(wù)使用的服務(wù) 0.7720.772 0.079*** 0.079 *** -0.030-0.030 0.097</p><p>  ICT信息和通信技術(shù) 0.5160.516 0.153*

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